How to Write an APA Sample Essay

How to Write an APA Sample EssayDo you want to know how to write an APA Sample Essay? You can't expect to be able to write an APA Sample Essay if you do not know what to write. It's really difficult to learn all of the technical jargon that is found in APA's if you don't have some idea of what the Essay Topics is. The topics of your APA Essay will be a topic on which you must address yourself and it's important that you make a point of following the APA Writing Guidelines and other related guidelines, in order to prepare a well written, enjoyable essay.An APA Sample Essay may cover a wide range of subjects. In fact, all the subjects that you can think of could be included as topics in an APA Sample Essay. For example, a lot of companies now use samples for new employees to get a feel for their company and if the employee finds this personal then it might be an incentive to remain with the company or switch to another. In a lot of cases, the employee will consider whether or not they want to stay at the company if they get a feel for it. This also shows that the employee cares about getting the best possible results and wants to make the company as successful as possible.Another subject that can be included in an APA Sample Essay is religion. You can write about everything from Biblical theology to what causes a person to change religion. Some people go to church every Sunday because they grew up in a religious family and wanted to keep up with tradition.There are other subjects that can be used in an APA Sample Essay. There are plenty of subjects that can be used to write about the latest PC, iPhone, or video game release. In fact, it's a good idea to write about a wide variety of subjects. Even if you're writing a general essay, you can include at least one or two subjects in it.The last thing that you need to know about an APA Sample Essay is that you should make sure that it is readable. It's a good idea to keep it short and simple. It should not be too comp licated for you to read and understand.Once you've written an APA Sample Essay you'll find that you start to enjoy it more. If you can write something for an individual or a company that you care about, you'll be able to enjoy writing more often.Having an APA Sample Essay can mean the difference between making mistakes and writing well. If you follow these tips, you'll find that it will be much easier for you to write an APA Sample Essay and get it published in a respected journal.

Oil and Gas Industry free essay sample

However, as technology is constantly changing, the workforce requires ongoing development to ensure employees have the correct skills to perform their job role effectively. The oil and gas industry is a diverse sector that operates globally, both onshore and offshore. Over 400,000 people are employed in the UK industry alone with the majority of those employed onshore. Both offshore and onshore environments offer a wide variety of roles from drilling to design, accounts to engineering and HR to PR. Meeting standards All activity within the industry must conform to specified industry standards. These standards ensure a safe working environment for the oil and gas workforce. OPITO develop training standards in partnership with the industry and work closely with the training providers who deliver the courses to ensure that standards are maintained. OPITO therefore plays a strategic role in the oil and gas industry through workforce planning and skills development globally. OPITO works with industry employers to allow employees to engage in an ongoing process of professional development. We will write a custom essay sample on Oil and Gas Industry or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page This helps to ensure that organisations have appropriately skilled and qualified workers to help meet their business objectives. This case study demonstrates how the right people with the right skills ensure that the sector can maximise the recovery of the remaining oil and gas reserves as well as remaining competitive and profitable. Workforce planning Workforce planning is a fundamental tool used by many organisations. This involves estimating future workforce requirements in terms of both labour demand and skills to aid the achievement of business objectives. An ppropriately skilled workforce is critical to an organisations short-term and long-term future in order to remain competitive. The industry requires a highly talented workforce, meaning the search for talent is extremely competitive. There are many factors affecting the employee marketplace, such as the UK’s ageing workforce and the need for appropriate skills and qualifications. These factors may contribute to futu re skills shortages as they reduce the pool of suitably qualified candidates that the oil and gas sector can recruit from. Analysing the skills base OPITO has published a Labour Market Intelligence survey which analyses the current skills situation within the industry. This can be used as a workforce planning tool to identify future skills needs. In order to address these needs, the industry works closely with schools, colleges and universities to inform and influence pupil/student subject choices, in an attempt to widen the pool of talent. As a technology-led business, the oil and gas industry is constantly changing and developing with roles following suit. However, attracting employees with the desired skills and abilities can be challenging across the sector. For example, increasingly oil is located in deeper waters and with this comes the challenge of accessing pipelines and structures safely. The role of Divers is now supplemented by the use of Remotely Operated Vehicles (ROVs) for tasks including the inspection of pipelines and in continuing maintenance. The operation and control of ROVs requires specialist skills and knowledge at both Technician and Graduate level. How technology is driving skills development Companies require skilled people, in both on and offshore roles, in order to extract oil and gas safely, whilst acting environmentally responsibly and remaining profitable. Companies within the industry often employ contractors to fill specific short-term roles. This is often the case when there is a need to manage increased production levels or when the use of specialist equipment is required. Workforce planning is an important tool in this situation. Companies need to ensure the required skills are not already available through salaried staff before hiring contractors for the specific role. As the oil and gas industry locates and explores previously challenging reservoirs, innovative technology is at the forefront. This is n integral part of a number of roles ranging from drilling to seismic interpretation. In order to keep pace with these advances a diverse range of core skills and competences are fundamental. In order to remain profitable and competitive the commercial angle must be considered in conjunction with the technical advances. Therefore within a project team a combination of both technical and commercial disciplines work closely together t o ensure the project is viable. This may include Geologists, Seismologists, Accountants, Lawyers, Engineers and Analysts. Functions of an organisation The range of roles and departments within the industry and within individual organisations means that they must be divided into specialised functions in order to work effectively. There are several ways of doing this. For example, if the company is national or international it may be divided geographically, national companies may then be split by region whilst international companies may be split by continent. Some organisations within the industry divide the company by processes, such as exploration, production and refining. However most organisations use a combination of factors to divide the company up to ensure maximum efficiency. The range of functions and associated areas are varied, yet some are common to companies across the sector: Technical – includes a range of engineering disciplines, as well as geoscientists and designers Science – monitoring the environment, locating reservoirs and appraising wells Health amp; safety – ensures the working environment is safe for employees in both the office and offshore environments Commercial – includes marketing, logistics, accounts and law Human resources – responsible for employees training and welfare. There are a variety of routes into the industry. These include apprenticeships, university and college as well as from other trades and professions. For example, OPITO run a highly successful Technician Training Scheme. The scheme trains apprentices in electrical, mechanical, process and instrument amp; control disciplines commonly used across the industry. As part of the four-year scheme an apprentice trains for two years at college before gaining two years of practical experience. Apprenticeships allow trainees to earn throughout their training while gaining relevant qualifications and experience in their chosen field. Roles and responsibilities To ensure employees work as efficiently as possible it is important to have clearly defined job roles and responsibilities. This is particularly important in large firms to ensure no part of the workload is overlooked. In smaller organisations job roles may be less structured as employees may be required to take on a variety of tasks and responsibilities. Job descriptions Clear job descriptions and personal remits enable workers to focus on their job-specific tasks. It allows employees to prioritise their workload and reduce the chance of work duplication. In the offshore environment, where safety is a key priority, defined roles and responsibilities ensure that workers are competent and qualified for the tasks they undertake. Organisational structure and responsibility The roles and responsibilities of each worker are overseen by supervisors, team leaders and managers. The number of workers that the supervisor is responsible for is called a span of control. The span of control will become wider as the number of employees being supervised increases. For example, an Offshore Installation Manager (OIM) is responsible for the complete running of the rig/platform and is accountable for the health and safety of everyone on-board. This means the OIM has a large span of control. However, a Tool Pusher, the department head in charge of the Drilling and Deck Crews, is accountable for the drilling staff and as such has a smaller span of control. To allow for the supervision and management of workers organisations are divided by layers as well as department or functions. The smallest layer at the top of the organisational structure has more responsibility and accountability than the larger layers at the bottom. This forms an organisations hierarchy. A hierarchy establishes a chain of command. This allows information to be communicated from one layer of the organisation to the next. This information will pass through the span of control in each layer. An example of this is when important safety information is passed from the OIM, down through the hierarchy to the Technicians. All job roles, from geological exploration to human resources, will fall within a hierarchy. Roles within the oil amp; gas industry The oil and gas industry offers many different roles requiring different skills in different environments: Kirsty, an Administration Assistant, is just starting her career in the oil amp; gas industry. Kirsty joined a contracting company straight from school and recommends the industry as a great place to work. Since joining the company she has begun a business and administration course. The course is funded by her employers and gives her the opportunity to widen her knowledge and develop her skills. It will allow Kirsty to work towards promotion to a supervisory role. In her current role Kirsty’s main responsibilities are liaising with customers, organising meetings and booking travel arrangements for managers. David is a Reservoir Management Geologist working for a multinational exploration and production company. David joined the industry 15 years ago, after leaving his career as a pilot and completing a master’s degree at university. David’s role includes supervising a small team to build and maintain field reservoir models. It also involves supervising interactions with other organisational functions such as ‘Well Planning’ to advise on the placement of new wells, which allow the oil to be extracted. Although David’s role as a supervisor throws up challenges he feels he is well rewarded with a good salary and work/life balance. This allows him to provide a secure future for his family. Mark has held a number of offshore positions during his 28 years in the industry. He began as an OPITO apprentice on the Technician Training Scheme, where he spent two years at college and gave him a further 2 years on the job experience. Mark now holds one of the most responsible jobs in the industry as an OIM, based on a North Sea platform. He is accountable for 120 people working on the platform and has an operating budget of around ? 0 million. Whilst progressing through the industry he has gained lots of practical experiences and qualifications including an SVQ in supervisory management and management of major emergencies course. Mark enjoys the variety of his role as an OIM and is looking forward to continuing his career offshore for many years to come. Career progression at this level would mean moving to an onshore role. Conclusion Organisations within the oil amp; gas industry seek to extract resources efficiently, safely and profitably to serve world markets. To do this OPITO has developed standards which help to ensure processes meet these requirements. The industry requires talented and competent employees to ensure these standards are maintained. In order to do this, as well as employing directly, the industry often works with a number of contractors when specialist tasks or increased production demands it. The industry supports many diverse roles. Not all roles within the industry require technical or scientific skills. Commercial skills are also essential for many of the roles based onshore. OPITO helps to support the industry through its role in workforce planning and skills development, helping to attract the next generation of the oil amp; gas workforce. The rate of change within the industry is likely to increase over the next 50 years as the industry extracts oil from ever more challenging reservoirs in the North Sea and across the world. To contend with this rate of change, individuals will have the opportunity to develop new skills and competencies as they engage in the process of lifelong learning. OPITO’s role ensures that the oil amp; gas industry is capable of meeting future demands.

Taxi Driver Wisdom essays

Taxi Driver Wisdom essays Taxi drivers, we see them everyday and can regard them as any other day-to-day worker. However, more than likely, society generally thinks of them negatively. For example, there are commentaries that recommend being careful when riding cabs, especially at night, because cabbies can easily seize the belongings of their passengers by murdering them or letting them faint through a chemical mixed with the airconditioner. Therefore, whenever I see passengers seat themselves at the back, it doesnt take much for me to recognize that the reason they do that is to monitor all the moves the driver makes. Furthermore, not only do I think that cabbies have the potential to be dangerous, but they can be quite such opportunists. I have learned of news extras on TV and newspapers of a number of people complaining about taxi drivers who take advantage of the belongings their passengers have mistakenly left, even if these purses, laptops or file envelopes have contact information. In addition, many c ab operators violate their responsibility to ensure fair and proper service to passengers. To illustrate, when my group of friends tried to hail taxi cabs early in the night in order to go from Ortigas to Libis, the cabbies whom we encountered either refused to give transportation or demanded for discriminatingly high prices to the hundreds. No doubt, I have the impression that taxi drivers are dangerous, opportunistic and unfair. That was the notion that I had of taxi drivers until I held a conversation with one of them. Late in my 4th yr. high school life, I decided to come back home from school by hiring a cab. I stood in front of the Ateneo campus and waved for a vacant taxi. Once I seated at the rear, I kept silent and looked at the drivers ID to verify the cabbie. The middle-aged man had a dark complexion, typical of any other taxi driver I have seen. Then about five minutes into our trip, the man caught my eye in the rearview ...

Art and Architecture Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Art and Architecture - Essay Example The whole cathedral together with its supplementary buildings occupies a whole block. The outside of the church is decorated with white marble making it to have a shiny and beautiful surface. The parish is about four hundred feet in length and its width is approximately more than seventy feet wide. Standing at the entrance of the cathedral are two spires decorated in gothic curved architecture. At the center of the two spires is the cathedral entrance. On the western vestibule, towers and a gallery above it border the cathedral. The vaulting of the main roof is made of brick. The cathedral takes the form of gothic revival architecture, with important parts taking forms of medieval French gothic and British gothic architecture. Some of the most important features of the architect are the facades, the spires and the windows when viewed from the exterior. The spires provide proportionality in the architecture. The entrance of the cathedral is between the two spires that are a bit taller than the roofing at about 330 feet high. This provides balance and harmonizes proportionality in the architecture, making it an admirable aspect as a piece of art. The use of stained windows is a functional to provide the serene atmosphere inside the cathedral for the purposes of peace during prayer. The stained windows mimic other gothic designs that were common in Europe (Janaro & Altusher, 2009, Ch. 5). The inside of the cathedral is made with perfect proportional arrangement. The nave of the cathedral attains the balance that most cathedrals do through proportional arrangement of the rows where worshippers sit. Light is spread throughout the church through the highly placed windows that ensure there is enough light during the day. However, during the night, three chalices that hang perfectly through the center of the nave provide enough illumination. The curved faà §ade of the church at the exterior provides ample decorations of the cathedral while

The Roles of Amino Acid R-groups in the Structures and Functions of Research Paper

The Roles of Amino Acid R-groups in the Structures and Functions of Transmembrane Ion Channels - Research Paper Example The figure above shows the unionized form of a group of amino acid called alpha (Elsevier 19). The R represents an organic substituent or a side-chain, which is specific to each of the amino acid. There is a carbon atom called ?–carbon attached next to a group called carboxyl. Ion channels refer to the proteins that form pores which help to establish the small changes in voltage in cells plasma membrane, flowing down with the varying electrochemical change. Transmembrane potential refers to electrical potential difference in a biological cell’s interior part and exterior. This potential arises from the interaction between action of proteins containing transmembrane embedded inside it and the membrane itself. The proteins get pushed to cause change in concentration by use of ion transporter or pump. Materials and methods In order to study the ion channels, voltage clamp particularly patch clamp and RT-PCR scientific based technique used. Experimentally, ion channels cata lyze the process of diffusion across membranes, and this recorded as electrical currents in units known as Pico amperes. Other methods used in this study include Partitioning methods, which commonly can be used to evaluate hydrophobicity of amino acid, surface area and chromatography method. Results Two levels of current which correspond to the open and closed state. The transition in the two conditions observed to be extremely fat to a measurement recorded of millisecond. From one level to the other, rectangular jumps produced between the two levels. The current indicated by the amplitude of the jumps. Channels show rates of ion flux up to 106 ions/sec. Channels only open in a few seconds but during this time ions flowing through the pore register thousands (Davies 255). Discussion The structural parts of proteins comprise of amino acids in chains. They normally appear linked together in different sequences forming various types of proteins. Standard group of these amino acids comp rise of twenty of each amino group into polypeptides. This natural made process. A group of nine of these amino acids called essential in human beings because their creation not normally dependent on creation by man but must be taken as food. The amino acids prove to act as a substitute from nutrition fertilizers, and commonly applicable in food technology, in many industries. They have industrial applications as catalysts during production of plastics, which can be biodegraded. In the study of ion channels, their function include making possible the ions diffusion across membranes, which have biological nature. A bioelectric barrier built between the molecules, which have charges or hydrophilic, also called electrical insulators. The ion routes supply hydrophilic or high conductivity pathways in the interior of the hydrophobic. The pore structure catalyzes the transportation of molecules with charges across a medium with low dielectric. The channel of this site catalyzed normally r emains to be open or closed. Where the ion shows to be associated tightly with the catalyzed site, the confrontation of open channel shows the enzyme-substrate state. This confrontation state arising between the open state and the closed compared to opening and closing of a gate hence referred to as

Effect of somatic marker hypothesis on making decisions

Effect of somatic marker hypothesis on making decisions The Somatic-marker hypothesis (SMH) was first proposed by Demasio (1996), to explain the process of decision-making, while incorporating the role of emotion. This hypothesis developed after working with neurological patients who had damage to the prefrontal region, specifically in the ventral and medial regions, and presented severe impairments in decision making abilities (Damasio, 1979, 1994). As patients did not show any other impairment to their mental abilities, other than a compromised ability to express emotion, Damasio was able to investigate a link between emotion and decision-making ability. However, this link has been opposed by the Expected Utility Theory, which considers a rational approach to decision-making, in which emotion does not play a role (Friedman Savage, 1948). Demasio states within the SMH that people are able to make decisions through interaction between emotion and rationality, to produce the most appropriate outcome. These interactions are made by the emotional response and information from environmental input being presented in the form of physiological arousal, allowing an individual to assess their emotional response to a situation (Gazzaniga, Ivry Mangun, 2009). He argued that emotion is most commonly presented through alterations in an individuals physiological state, as these emotions are represented within the brain as temporary changes in the activity pattern of somato-sensory structures. Although human emotion has been primarily linked to the functions of the limbic system, the SMH proposed that despite the involvement of emotion, the neuronal circuit involved in decision making incorporates a variety of brain regions outside of these classic limbic system structures (MacLean, 1949). Damasio argues that in this process the emo tional responses require multiple sources of feedback from the periphery brain in order to assist decision making (Damasio, 2004). There have been found to be two different forms of stimuli which cause an alteration in physiological states of humans allowing decision-making to later occur; primary inducers are innate or learned stimuli which rely on the amygdala to produce a physiological change; secondary inducers are entities which are produced through the recall of a personal experience of a primary inducer and rely on the ventromedial prefrontal cortex (VMPFC) to activate somatic states; these are most common in the face of uncertain outcomes, as they rely on information provided by similar past experiences. These somatic states, which are experienced when a stimuli is presented, are the result of responses aimed at the brain which lead to; the central nervous system (CNS) releasing neurotransmitters, a modification of the state of somatosensory maps, and an alteration in the transmission of signals from the body to somatosensory regions. The body receives information from these changes, and combines them to be interpreted as an emotion (Bechara, 2004). After a somatic state has been produced by a primary inducer, signals are then received by the brain to produce somatic state patterns in the brainstem nuclei and in the somato-sensing cortices. Once this somatic state alteration has occurred due to the initial presentation of a primary inducer, the pattern is stored for later recall. Later presentation of this primary inducer or a related secondary inducer can cause the somatic state pattern to be recalled and produce a similar emotional response. As a result, the brain is able to produce a prediction model of alterations expected to occur in the body, allowing the individual to respond more effectively and rapidly to the stimuli, without having to wait for the changes in physiology to be produced by the periphery (Dunn, Dalgleish, Lawrence, 2006). This reaction is summarised by the SMH, as the process allows an individual to be influenced in decision-making by the basic biasing signals which are produced as a result of the neurotr ansmitters being released in the cerebral cortex and the diencephalon. For every response to a situation that an individual contemplates, a somatic state is created, which serve as an indicator of the expected outcome (Damasio, Tranel Damasio, 1991; Damasio, 1996). This causes the somatic state to apply a biasing effect of an individuals behaviours, feelings, and cognitive patterns in response to a situation. Evidence of the link between emotion and decision-making was provided by Domasio, when he observed a patient who had damage to the orbitofrontal cortex. He found that the patient E.V.R was able to generate reasonable solutions when presented with a social reasoning task, however, was unable to prioritize these solutions, identifying the most effective (Saver Damasio, 1991). Prior to this, the orbitofrontal cortex had primarily been associated with the control of emotion. This suggests that the decision-making process relies on information provided by the emotion region of the brain, in order to provide a reasonable response. Alternatively, some psychologists argue that the orbitofrontal cortex plays a leading role in applying social knowledge to the decision-making process rather than considering an individuals emotional response, due to the recognition of which rules can be applied to a particular social situation, rather than assessing somatic markers (Gazziniga et al., 2009). More evidence was provided by the neuropsychologist Le Doux (1996) who found that humans and animals responded to stimuli which could potentially harm them so quickly it was unlikely they could have considered the risks posed to them being in that situation. He argued that this quick emotional evaluation of stimuli is an innate response which has developed with evolution to preserve our species in the face of danger, rather than cognitively processing the unfolding events. Considering his evidence, LaDoux explains that our emotional circuitry is designed to have a greater influence on our rational approaches to decisions, rather than our rational thoughts over-riding our emotions. Despite the SMH satisfactorily explaining how our emotions have an unconscious effect on our decision making process, we must also consider the fact that emotions are also known to act consciously on our rational judgement. Some psychologists have suggested that this allows us to employ our emotions as another form of information which we integrate into our logical decision-making process (Schwarz, 2000). When presented with a range of alternatives, it is suggested that we consider the emotions relating to the options before us, which we are often very aware of. Strong empirical evidence has been provided from data on the Iowa Gambling Task (IGT), a decision-making task which is believed to rely on emotional-related feedback from the body to enable an appropriate response (Bechara, Tranel, Damasio Damasio, 1996). The data indicated the lesions in the VMPFC cause impairments in decision-making, particularly the ability to select the most appropriate and advantageous option. This behavioural impairment has therefore been associated with the absence of predictor signals which allow an individual to differentiate between good and bad decisions. IGT has been praised as a sensitive, ecological measure of decision-making impairment, however, assumptions required for it to support the SMH have been criticised as unsound. The first assumption was that this learning is possible due to predictor marker signals produced by the body. Evidence from psychophysiological profiles compiled during the IGT did not support this suggestion (Tomb, Hauser, Deldin Caramazza, 2002), resulting in the lack of a causal relationship being established between disrupted feedback from the periphery and impaired decision-making. This suggests that the predictor changes may actually represent the expectancy anticipation towards the outcome, once the decision has already been made (Amiez, Procyk, Honore, Sequeira Joseph, 2003). It is also suggested that the tasks which aimed to measure implicit learning as the reward/punishment schedule as being cognitively inexplicable, in fact demonstrated accurate knowledge of the tasks possible outcomes (Maia McClelland, 2004). It was found that cognitive mechanisms, including working-memory exert a strong influence on task performance. Further support was given for the SMH in the business environment, as it is able to explain why we often rely on gut feelings when making a decision, and find them to be better predictors for a decision outcome than market data and past research. Physiological evidence from these studies identifies the involvement of the striatum and anterior cingulated in recognizing patterns and calculating the probabilities of outcomes. It was found that these areas respond immediately when presented with repeated or alternative somatic state patterns (Huettel et al. 2002). Alternatively, Rolls (1999) provides criticism, as he argues that the SMH proposes a very inefficient view that peripheral responses are located in the execution route, and for interpretation and measurement of this peripheral response to occur simultaneously. Rather, he suggests that reinforcement association, located in the orbitofrontal cortex and amygdala, is more than efficient enough to allow emotion-based learning to occ ur. This learning would consequently alter behaviours via the orbitofrontal-striatal pathways, through implicit or explicit processes. An alternative theory to decision-making is the Expected Utility Theory (EUT) (Bernoulli, 1738 cited 1997) which states that an individual is able to select an appropriate resolution in risky circumstances by comparing their expected utility values. These are calculated by adding the utility value of the outcomes multiplied by their respective probabilities, for each option available (Mongin, 1997). The expected utilities are determined by considering the probability of each possible outcome (gain or loss) for a particular option (Hoogendoorn, Merk Treur, 2006). This theory of decision-making considers a rational approach, in which emotion does not cause a bias towards the decisions made. However, much criticism has been provided by Kahneman and Tversky (1974, 1979) when considering this theory as a practical model for human decision-making. They found in numerous studies that humans are particularly bad at estimating probabilities objectively, and so their emotions may cause a bias in the final decision-making process. This has been reinforced by many others (Ellsberg, 1961; Fellner, 1961) who highlight the difficulty in determining the level of uncertainty in a given situation. They also suggest that people are not often aware of the exact probabilities associated with the possible outcomes, and so this problem, combined with the issue of ambiguity has been the focus for much further research Kahnenman Tversky, 2000). To conclude, the Somatic Marker Hypothesis proposed by Damasio (1994) suggests that when an individual experiences a situation, alterations in their physiological state are represented within their body as changes in their somato-sensory state. These changes are represented as an emotion towards that particular situation and act as an indicator of the expected outcome. When faced with a similar situation in the future, which requires a decision, Damasio suggested that an individual extracts emotional information supplied by somatic marker to facilitate them in the decision-making process. Evidence for this theory has been provided by numerous studies of neurological patients who had damage to the prefrontal region, and presented severe impairments in decision making abilities (Damasio, 1979, 1994). However, psychologists Gazziniga et, al. (2009) suggest that although emotion does play a role in decision-making, it is involved in the recognition of socially acceptable activities, rath er than assessing somatic markers. In contrast, the Expected Utility Theory approaches decision-making in a much more rational way. It states that an individual assesses the probability of loss or gain for each available outcome in order to select the most advantageous choice of action. Bachara Demasio (2005) has since suggested further research to fully explore some unanswered questions posed by the SMH. Little research has previously been conducted into the different kinds of decision-making and the relationship it may have with recruiting different neural networks for different tasks. Secondly, he proposed investigating if we are able to successfully identify when emotions are helpful or a hindrance in decision-making and if there are any individual differences.

Southern Arizona: Lives that Shaped the Frontier Experience :: Essays Papers

"Ordinary" Women in Early Twentieth Century Southern Arizona: Lives that Shaped the Frontier Experience Some historians have argued that women’s roles in early 20th century Arizona centered exclusively around the domestic sphere and typified values of femininity such as passivity, motherhood, and loyalty to marriage. Their journeys to the West are likewise portrayed as involuntary and life on the frontier a hated struggle. For example, Christiane Fischer states, â€Å"Frontier conditions tended to reinforce women in their traditional roles and did not open up any new possibilities for them† (Fischer, 46). Although this may have been true for some, women’s overall experiences and contributions to Arizona’s history were much more complex. Although historically â€Å"important† figures are often over-represented in the stories we tell about our past, it is essential to remember that social change cannot occur without the involvement of thousands of ordinary folks. According to E.D. Branch, â€Å"If there is a moral to the history of the westwa rd movement, it is this: the transcendent importance of small things and of unimportant people† (Branch in Poling-Kempes, xii). This is especially relevant to women’s history in that women’s experiences are often ignored in dominant discourse and their achievements are relegated to the invisible sphere of domesticity. This essay will explore the ways in which â€Å"ordinary† women influenced the development of the Arizona frontier and to what extent the conditions of this lifestyle affected their roles and opportunities. At the turn of the century, women in the West enjoyed greater freedom than their sisters in other parts of the country. Various social and economic necessities both allowed and forced women into situations that were traditionally reserved for men. Lesley Poling-Kempes states, â€Å"Liberation may have been a side effect, rather than a motivating force or premeditated goal, for women in the new society of the American West† (Poling-Kempes, 49). Women in this region generally had a better economic status, more job opportunities, and higher legal status than women in other regions (Rothschild and Hronek, xx). Historians have presented several hypotheses to explain this geographical distinction. One such theory is that the biased sex ratio (many more men were present than women) required men to be tolerant of women leading unconventional lifestyles. Another possibility is that, overall, the frontier embraced a more democratic way of life than settled areas, which in turn affected women’s rights (Rothschild and Hronek, xx).