Meeting Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Meeting - Essay Example As the first order of business under delegations/recognition the Spotlight on Excellence was awarded to a Pre-AP English teacher and Coach at Alamo Heights High School. Secondly, Alamo Heights Public Relations Awards were highlighted. Specifically, the Alamo Heights School Foundation and District Communication Office had received three state awards from the Texas School Relations Association. The specifics of those awards were discussed. Individual students’ achievement in state academic and sport competitions were recognized. Alamo Heights High School Student Council was also recognized for achieving the 2011 National Gold Council of Excellence Award from the National Association of Student Councils. The meeting then turned to possible items for action. A new format for elementary report cards were presented and the meeting informed that the new designs will be introduced in Fall 2011. No details were provided. Similarly, a strategic plan update was recorded in the meetings w ith scant information. The only information recorded was that the an update was provided concerning the plans for the â€Å"multiple lines of district communication† (Board Briefs, 2011). Other presentations were recorded similarly. For instance a revised dual language program and lottery procedures were presented without the benefit of any other details.

Influences on American Politics

Influences on American Politics Question 1: What are the two major types of interest groups and examples of each? Which of these types of interest groups tend to be more powerful? Explain your choice. Your response should be at least 200 words in length. You are required to use at least your textbook as source material for your response. All sources used, including the textbook, must be referenced; paraphrased and quoted material must have accompanying citations. Selected Answer: In the United States there two main types of interest groups that actively work to influence public policy. The main differences between the two are how they are organized, funded, and what their main purposes are (Patterson, 2013). Economic groups are the most common, most funded and most influential. They are comprised of businesses, labor unions, professional organizations, and agricultural groups that seek public policy that provides monetary benefits to their members. The funding of economic interest groups comes from the members that willingly contribute money in hopes of receiving political influence and/or profit that only they will benefit from. An example of an economic group would be businesses. Business groups are the most influential of any special interest group and all large businesses lobby the government. Many smaller businesses band together to form associations like the U.S. Chamber of Commerce to promote their interests by seeking tax cuts, regulatory changes, and other pro-business benefits (Patterson, 2013). The second type of special interest group, citizens groups, is comprised of single issue groups that work toward a focused goal that they believe in. They fight for causes instead of economic or material gain and for the good of society as a whole (Patterson, 2013). Though the number of citizens groups as increased sharply over the years, the total number still lags behind that of economic groups. One of the main reasons for this is that citizens groups have not nearly the same access to funds that economic groups do. Citizens groups do not generate profits or fees from their daily activity and their only incentive for membership are ones that everyone can take advantage of, member or not. Because of this, many people take advantage of the benefits but do not pay for them. References Patterson, T. (2013).The American Democracy (11th ed.). New York, NY: McGraw-Hill, Inc. Question 2: How has the news media evolved from the nations founding to what it is today? Discuss the various functions the news media has in American society. How well do you feel the media carries out these functions? Your response should be at least 200 words in length. You are required to use at least your textbook as source material for your response. All sources used, including the textbook, must be referenced; paraphrased and quoted material must have accompanying citations. Selected Answer: The founding fathers felt that a free press was crucial to the health of a successful democracy. That is why they gave us the First Amendment protecting the rights of a free and unrestrained press. Some of our founding fathers were themselves involved with the printing of journalistic newspapers. They understood the importance of keeping the populace informed of the workings of their government. The first press and newspapers were initially closely associated with the days political parties and helped them muster public opinion (Patterson, 2013). This was partly done because without party support and/or subsidization, the newspapers would never have survived; the cost to purchase was prohibitory for the average citizen. The drawback to this was that the newspapers themselves very partisan in the information that they imparted. Eventually, as printing methods improved and the cost decreased newspaper moved away from such partisanship. The height of newspapers power came around 1890-1900; during this time, reporters and editors number one goal was to increase sales of their papers (Patterson, 2013). They did so by sensationalizing the news in order to drive up circulation. This period was termed yellow journalism and thankfully was relatively short-lived by the advent of a new style of reporting: objective journalism. Objective journalism emphasized fair and accurate information and accounts of events. This new approach to reporting was the method that began being taught at newly established journalistic universities and is what still governs the news reporting of todays traditional media. The newest form of media today comes in the form of radio talk shows, cable talk shows, and internet blogs. This type of media has made news more accessible than ever before and has greatly increased the choice viewers have to what they hear. The problem with these outlets, as Patterson points out in The American Democracy, however, is the many address information through a partisan lens. Talk radio is a growing format for political information but is often imparted in a conservative manner, internet blogs lean primarily liberal, and the cable new networks split evenly between the two ideologies. Regardless of the manner in which the information is disseminated, the media performs four basic functions (Patterson, 2013). First, is to act as a signal, alerting and communicating information on breaking events and news developments to the public. Second, is to act as a common carrier of information from political leaders to the general public. Medias third function is as a partisan advocate to influence public response to a particular party, leader, or issue. Lastly, the press acts as a watchdog to the government to expose deceitful and corrupt officials. In my personal opinion, the news media does carry out these functions fairly well. The problem lies in ensuring that, as a citizen, you listen to and pay attention to multiple news outlets in order to get the entire story, not one with a particular ideological bent. As they say There are three sides to every story, his, hers and the truth. References Patterson, T. (2013).The American Democracy (11th ed.). New York, NY: McGraw-Hill, Inc. Question 3: Discuss how the news audience has changed from the 1970s until now. Do you feel that Americans can still find unbiased news anywhere today? Why or why not? Your response should be at least 200 words in length. You are required to use at least your textbook as source material for your response. All sources used, including the textbook, must be referenced; paraphrased and quoted material must have accompanying citations. Selected Answer: News audiences have changed considerably since the 1970s. Though there is more diversity than ever, cable television and the internet now reign supreme for news information in the lives of the average American, while the daily newspapers and traditional broadcasters are losing audiences by the droves (Patterson, 2013) These new forms of media behave quite differently than the media of the baby-boomers and their parents. News was received in regulated segments, in the morning through your newspaper and then in the evening by the network news. It was all relatively similar as well, owning to the fact that they both received their stories from the same sources. The news reported was objective and fair with little political spin. People received the exact same message regardless of what their own ideology was; it is at that point that people form their opinions on issues. The emergence of cables 24-hour news cycle, political talk shows, and internet blogs, where information is handed out already with partisan spin has made it harder to get just the facts, and also makes it is easy for citizens to only receive their news through the specific ideological lens of their choosing. All of this is leading to more and more polarization in political society (Patterson, T. (2013). Another change that has occurred is an overall decline in consumers of media. Young adults are less likely than older ones to pay attention to any type of news and when they do, it is often from less than reputable sources like social media, a.k.a. Facebook. All of these factors combine to a current generation that is considerably less informed politically than prior generations. References Patterson, T. (2013).The American Democracy (11th ed.). New York, NY: McGraw-Hill, Inc Question 4: Do you feel that special interest groups have too much power in politics today? Why or why not? Do you think we should allow these interest groups to continue to function as they currently do? Why or why not? What do you think would happen to our nation if we did not allow interest groups to continue to operate? Your response should be at least 200 words in length. You are required to use at least your textbook as source material for your response. All sources used, including the textbook, must be referenced; paraphrased and quoted material must have accompanying citations. Selected Answer: Special interest groups are an important way for people to show support or discontent for governmental policies and are an effective way for the average citizen to influence politics. They help keep their members informed of the current political issues they identify with, make sure policies are carried out effectively, help organize member activities in a more focused manner, and some even offer its members legal representation in grievances against the government, However, in regards to our current political system, I feel that many have grown too powerful. For every case of a SIG promoting the common good, there are cases highlighting the corruption that has eroded the quality of our democratic process, generally through corruption. A good example of what interest groups can achieve is the NAACP brought and won the case of Brown vs The Board of Education of Topeka (NAACP, n.d.). While at the same time you have examples of SIGs buying influence such as when during the 1973 Watergate hearings it was revealed that the milk industry had donated money to President Nixons administration and to members of Congress in exchange for favorable decisions by the Department of Agriculture (Torres-Spelliscy, 2013). The issue comes down to political influence vs. political power. I, along with the vast majority of Americans (Gallup, 2011), feel that lobbyist groups have gone beyond just influencing politicians and politics, and have moved into the realm of over-whelming political power. References Gallup. (2011, April 11). Americans Decry Power of Lobbyists, Corporations, Banks, Feds. Retrieved March 20, 2017, from http://www.gallup.com/poll/147026/americans-decry-power-lobbyists-corporations-banks-feds.aspx milk industry had donated money to President Nixons administration NAACP Legal History. (n.d.). Retrieved March 20, 2017, from http://www.naacp.org/legal-department/naacp-legal-history/ Patterson, T. (2013).The American Democracy (11th ed.). New York, NY: McGraw-Hill, Inc Torres-Spelliscy, C. (2013, October 21). Got Corruption? Nixons Milk Money. | Brennan Center for Justice. Retrieved March 20, 2017, from https://www.brennancenter.org/blog/got-corruption-nixon%E2%80%99s-milk-money

Understanding Kissinger’s Actions Toward Chile Essay -- Foreign Policy

Understanding Kissinger’s Actions Toward Chile Can an individual influence foreign policy? Based upon the eight years that Henry Kissinger was the Secretary of State it is clear that an individual can (Starr 466). It has become apparent through recently released classified documents that Kissinger played a large role in allowing the brutal Pinochet dictatorship over Chile to take place and allowed massive human rights violations to continually occur during the Pinochet regime. What is continually being attempted to understand is why Kissinger acted as he did towards Chile. The goal of stopping the spread of communism to Latin America is obvious in Kissinger’s actions, but why allow Pinochet to continue to receive United States support while he breaks International Human Rights Laws (Kornbluh 5)? To understand Kissinger’s actions toward Chile it is necessary to analyze his background. Considering that he was born in Germany and fled to the United States to escape the Nazi’s, there most certainly was previous life experiences that contributed to his foreign policy beliefs (Crapol 260). As a politician, Kissinger gained an extraordinarily high level of popularity for a man of his position. Thus, his dealings with Chile may have been more of an effort to uphold his reputation than an eagerness to do what is best for Chile and the United States. Therefore, it can be considered that Kissinger’s strict realist view and constant attempt to create stability and order was derived from his past experiences as a Jewish Refugee and his actions as a Secretary of State may have been skewed by his desire to keep his popular status in the United States media and public (Starr 467 and 477; Crapol 260-265). Kissinger’s past experi... ...ton: Houghton Mifflin, 1957. Kornbluh, Peter. â€Å"Kissinger and Pinochet.† The Nation. 268. 12 (1999) p. 5. 1 March 2005. . Starr, Harvey. â€Å"The Kissinger Years: Studying Individuals and Foreign Policy.† International Studies Quarterly. Vol. 24, No. 4. (Dec., 1980), p. 465-496. 10 April 2005. . Walker, Stephen G. â€Å"The Interface between Beliefs and Behavior: Henry Kissinger's Operational Code and the Vietnam War.† The Journal of Conflict Resolution. Vol. 21, No. 1. (Mar., 1977), p. 129-168. 10 April 2005. .

Compare How Atonement and Spies Explore the Journey from Innocence to Experience Essay

Compare how Atonement and Spies explore the journey from innocence to experience. Both Atonement and Spies are bildungsroman where the protagonists are reminiscing about events in their childhoods which impose on them in their adult lives. In Atonement, Briony is narrating throughout the text; however the reader only finds this out at the end and in Spies Stephen is narrating with his older and younger self through duel narration with slippage between the two. Both text were published within a year of each other, Atonement in 2001 and Spies in 2002; however they both focus on the same time in history, during (and after) the Second World War. Spies focuses on one point in time around 1940; whereas Atonement ranges before, throughout and after the war with the view points from different characters throughout unlike Spies where the reader sees only from young or old Stephen. Both protagonists are naive and easily influenced in the beginning of the novels and their misinterpretations draw the narrative to a conclusive disaster. In Spies, Stephen misinterprets the Mrs Hayward’s diary’s x’s and exclamation marks for some form of German â€Å"code† and believes that she is a spy- â€Å"she actually is a German spy†- Similarly in Atonement, where Briony misinterprets what she witnessed in the library which leads her to the conclusion that Robbie raped Lola, which she sticks to with conviction â€Å"it was Robbie†. The misinterpretations made by the protagonists reflect the lack of knowledge about the adult world and emphasise their innocence in the beginning of the novels. In Atonement the peak of Briony’s innocence is at the beginning with the â€Å"Trials of Arabella† and sulking when she gives up the main part of â€Å"Arabella† by killing nettles which foreshadows the impending doom of her actions. I believe at this point Briony triggers a transition to adult knowledge with the letter and therefor conclusively decides the narrative with her intrusion of Robbie and Cecilia’s privacy; however in the film adaptation others have interpreted this differently. Peter Bradshaw believes that it is the â€Å"mysterious scene by the fountain that is to trigger Briony’s terrible misguided sense that she has a personal insight and a grievance; it appears to give her an access point into shocking adult phenomena†. However key the scene is in the narrative as a whole, I do not believe it to be a pivotal role in Briony’s contribution to the downfall that is witnessed later in the novel due to the confusion she feels when confronted with the situation. In Spies Stephen and Keith play childish games such as â€Å"monkey hunting†; however this is contradicted increasingly throughout the novel with the seriousness of their accusations made in regards to Keith’s mother. John Mullan believes that the â€Å"The boys show ominous signs of adulthood behaviour when supposedly children: the boys never seem to call each other by their first names except when taking some horrendous sounding oaths†. The protagonists both believe a fictitious story conjured from their own imaginations and thus relieves them of their innocence leaving them open to the repercussions of their actions. Briony convinces herself that she saw Robbie and swears that she did whilst we find out later in the novel that she was unsure. In the first interview with the police she states â€Å"I know it was him†, not clarifying that she â€Å"saw†, him leading the reader to believe that she does so because of her misunderstandings over the fountain and letter earlier in the novel. In spies Stephen and Keith are certain that Mrs Hayward is a spy after they witness her first â€Å"disappearance† which they both rationalise after they have seen it. This act of misunderstanding is less harmful than that of Briony’s action however; they are invading the privacy of someone else which does add to the compromising of their innocence. Both stories conjured by the protagonists are not clarified throughout the narrative; the author leaves hints for the reader about the events themselves, and this lack of knowledge is a hallmark of postmodernism and the unreliable narrator present within each text. The inevitability of the protagonist’s actions is that both are shown to be guilty in their adulthood. The reader learns that Briony becomes a nurse and gives up a chance to go to Oxford and the class privileges that result from it. The reader learns that â€Å"the purpose of becoming a nurse was to work for her independence† as well as learning what Robbie is going through in the army. We later learn that the narrative has been written by Briony and some parts have been fictionalised such as the meeting with Robbie and Cecilia so she can try and put right what she could not do in life. Like Atonement Stephen in Spies feel guilty about the death of Uncle Peter and revisits The Close in which he grew up to atone. This is where the narrative takes place, â€Å"you can’t go back everyone knows that† implying that â€Å"everyone† knows that it was his fault. This is an interesting comment made by Stephen because surely Stephen and the reader know that it is Keith’s father who is to blame ultimately for the discovery and death of Uncle Peter after Stephen and his confrontation over the picnic basket. Both protagonists, we learn have been putting the idea of properly confronting and trying to amend (as best they can) their actions off until the latest time possible. The reader learns that Briony falsities the ending and meeting of Cecilia and Robbie in the final chapters where she is close to forgetting all of her memories through dementia. Like Briony Stephen has waited till very late on in his life to re-visit the close. We learn that he has lived a full but somehow sorrowful life until he returns and faces the actions that he made when he was a child â€Å"I can sort out whether I belong here or there† Both novels explore the motif of love and sexuality in spies the reader is given details about one of two sexually attracted women in his life: Barbara Berrill, and his future wife. The reader only learns that his wife is German and no more information throughout the novel other than the fact that Stephen had a family with her and that she died. The reader is witness to the presumably only sexual act between Barbara Berrill and Stephen where they exchange two kisses â€Å"she leans closer still, and rests her lips against mine† it is presumed that this is Stephens first kiss with a girl due to his initial reactions â€Å"Nice?†¦ I was too busy thinking about the germs† a typical young boy’s reaction to the opposite sex. This scene can be said to be one of the most normal childlike behaviour in the entire text, through the experimental aspect that has been associated with growing up. The motif of sexuality and relationships is greatly explored in atonement compared with that of Spies. Early on in the narrative Robbie and Cecilia â€Å"make love† this act creates and spurs on a relationship throughout the rest of the narrative with longing for a similar experience; however like spies this act never occurs again whereas unlike spies neither Cecilia or Robbie indulge in any sexual contact after their initial â€Å"library scene† because of both their untimely deaths emphasising the importance of that moment in the readers eyes. This singular act of â€Å"love† somewhat adds to the innocence and sympathy felt towards both characters. Unlike the other two protagonists in Spies and Atonement (Stephen and Robbie) McEwan never mentions Briony to have any sexual contact throughout the novel unlike Robbie’s And Cecilia’s characters the absence of Briony’s sexuality evokes no sympathy. I believe that McEwan includes this as part of her atonement, because of the deprivation of sexuality that Briony causes. Both novels show clear points in the narrative where the protagonist’s develop their experiences in the world of adult life through their actions; however it can be said that the protagonists have never been allowed to fully pass into the full realms of adult knowledge because throughout their lives they cling to an event that happened in their child hood without being able to come to terms with it until the end of their lives.

Research Paper about Premarital Sex Essay

This chapter contains the significance of the study, the statement of the problem, the group hypothesis, the scope & limitation, the theoretical framework and definition of terms. The Problem and Its Background Introduction Pre-marital sex is a sexual intercourse engaged by persons who are not married. It is a mortal sin in Christianity for the reason it is against the Law of Moses: Thou shall not commit adultery. In some countries (particularly in Asian countries that practice Christianity), they banned pre-marital sex in order to prevent unwanted pregnancy, prostitution and abortion. The importance of this study is to let the people know the following problems and their answers/reasons behind pre-marital sex. Significance of the Study The research aims to know the causes and effects of pre-marital sex for teens and adults ages 13 to 25 within Paco Area. This study will systematically investigate the nature behind pre-marital sex and the reasons behind it. Read more:  Essay About Causes of Premarital Sex Statement of the Problem The study seeks to answer the following questions: †¢What are the factors that cause pre-marital sex? †¢What are the possible and actual results of pre-marital sex? †¢What influences adults and teens to engage in pre-marital sex? †¢Who influences adults and teens to engage in pre-marital sex? †¢Why do they continuously engage in pre-marital sex with many different partners? †¢What reasonable advice can you give to the people who engage in pre-marital sex? Hypothesis We think that media exposure such as pornography is one of the factors why adults and teens are engaging into these kinds of unhealthy habits. Another factor is alcoholism, the more alcohol involved the higher the  possibility to engage in pre-marital sex because alcohol has often been considered to be a powerful facilitator. Parent’s lack of guidance for their children and bad influence from friends are also one of the main reasons why they engage into pre-marital sex. The usual results in engaging to it includes AIDS, HIVS, unwanted pregnancy, prostitution and repeat of sexual intercourse with others or â€Å"sex addict†. Scope and Limitation This study limits only the ages 13-25 within Paco Area. Theoretical Framework In order for the researchers to fully understand this case study, they adopted the Social Learning Theory proposed by Albert Bandura. Social Learning Theory The Social Learning Theory proposed by Albert Bandura becomes perhaps the most influential theory of learning and development. While rooted in many of the basic concepts of traditional learning theory, Bandura believed that direct reinforcement could not account for all types of learning. (Cherry, 2010) Social Learning Theory explains about how environmental and cognitive factors interact to influence human learning and behavior. It focuses on the learning that occurs within a â€Å"social context†. It considers that people learn from one another, including such concepts as observational learning, imitation, and modeling. (Abbott, 2007) This theory added a social element, arguing that people can learn new information and behaviors by watching other people. Known as observational learning (or modeling), this type of learning can be used to explain a wide variety of behaviors. (Cherry, 2010) In exploring the greater depth of this theory there are four types of concepts. First, i s people can learn through observations, second is mental states are important to learning, lastly, learning does not necessarily lead to change in behavior. (Bandura, 2007) Behavior can also influence both the environment and the person, this is called reciprocal causation. Each of the three variables: environment, person, behavior influence each other. (Bandura, 2007) This model shows an individual learner is affected by observing the environment, directly or indirectly. According to Bandura, people can learn and imitate behaviors they have observed in other people. But Bandura noted that external, environmental reinforcement was not the only factor to influence learning and behavior. He described intrinsic reinforcement as a form of internal reward, such as pride, satisfaction and sense of accomplishment. This emphasis on internal thoughts and cognitions helps connect learning theories to cognitive developmental theories. Moreover, while behaviorists believed that learning led to a permanent change in behavior, observational learning demonstrates that people can learn new information without demonstrating new behaviors. (Cherry, 2010) Self-efficiency means learners self-confidence towards learning. People are more likely to engage in certain behaviors when they believe they are capable of implementing those behaviors successfully, this mean that they have high self-efficacy. (Bandura, 2007) Self-regulation is when the individual has his own ideas about what is appropriate or inappropriate behavior and chooses action accordingly. There are several aspects of self-regulation. (Bandura, 2007) Modeling means doing what others do. There are different types of models. †¢Live model: and actual person demonstrating the behavior. †¢Symbolic model: a person or character portrayed in a medium such as television, videotape, computer programs, or a book. †¢Imitation: An individual uses another person’s behavior as a discriminative stimulus for an imitative response. The observer is then reinforced in some way for display imitation. An individual uses another person’s behavior as a discriminative stimulus for an imitative response. The observer is then reinforced in some way for display imitation. (Bandura, 2007) When your behavior is acceptable it is considered as â€Å"vicarious reinforcement†. When your behavior is unacceptable it is considered as â€Å"vicarious punishment†. (Bandura, 2007) Definition of Terms In order for the researchers to fully understand their study, they have used different terms and definition to be easily understood by the readers. These terms are established while doing the research and some are shared meanings by the participants and from other sources of the study. Abstinence the fact or practice of restraining oneself from indulging in something, typically alcohol. Abortion is the termination of pregnancy by the removal or expulsion from the uterus of a fetus or embryo before viability. Adultery voluntary sexual relations between an individual who is married and someone who is not the individual’s spouse. Aids a disease in which there is a severe loss of the body’s cellular immunity, greatly lowering the resistance to infection and malignancy. Alcoholism an addiction to the consumption of alcoholic liquor or the mental illness and compulsive behavior resulting from alcohol dependency. Casual Sex/Premarital Sex is a sexual activity between two people who are not yet married. Chastity the practice of refraining from extramarital, or especially from all, sexual intercourse. Facilitator one that helps to bring about an outcome by providing indirect or unobtrusive assistance. HIV a condition in humans in which progressive failure of t he immune system allows life- threatening opportunistic infections and cancers to thrive. Intimacy an intimate act, especially sexual intercourse. Lust very strong sexual desire. Oral Sex sexual activity in which the genitals of one partner are stimulated by the mouth of the other. Pleasure give sexual enjoyment or satisfaction to. Pornography is the portrayal of sexual subject matter for the purpose of sexual arousal. Prostitution the practice or occupation of engaging in sexual activity with someone for payment. Reproduction the production of offspring by a sexual or asexual process. Sex is the act of having sexual intercourse. Sex Addict is best described as a progressive intimacy disorder characterized by compulsive sexual thoughts and acts. Sexual Intercourse is chiefly the insertion and thrusting of a male’s penis, into a female’s vagina for the purposes of sexual pleasure or reproduction. Taboo is a vehement prohibition of an action based on the belief that such behavior is too sacred for ordinary individuals to undertake, under threat of supernatural punishment.

Mezhirich - Paleolithic Ukraine Mammoth Bone Settlement

Mezhirich - Paleolithic Ukraine Mammoth Bone Settlement The archaeological site of Mezhirich (sometimes spelled Mezhyrich) is an Upper Paleolithic (Epigravettian) site located in the Middle Dnepr (or Dneiper) Valley region of Ukraine near Kiev, and it is one of the best-preserved sites of its type excavated to date. Mezhirich is a large open-air site where several mammoth bone huts with hearths and pit features were used between about 14,000-15,000 years ago. Mezhirich is located approximately 15 kilometers (10 miles) west of the Dnieper river in central Ukraine, located on top of a promontory overlooking the confluence of the Ros and Rosava Rivers, 98 meters (321 feet) above sea level. Buried beneath about 2.7-3.4 m (8.8-11.2 ft) of calcareous loess were the remains of four oval to circular huts, with surface areas of between 12 to 24 square meters (120-240 square feet) each. The dwellings are separated from one another between 10-24 m (40-80 ft), and they are arranged in a V-shaped pattern on the promontory top. Mammoth Bones as Structural Material The main structural elements of the walls of these buildings are stacked mammoth bone, including skulls, long bones (mostly humeri and femora), innominates, and scapulae. At least three of the huts were occupied at approximately the same time. About 149 individual mammoths are believed to be represented at the site, either as building material (for the structures) or as food (from refuse found in nearby pits) or as fuel (as burned bone in nearby hearths). Features at Mezhirich About 10 large pits, with diameters between 2-3 m (6.5-10 ft) and depths between .7-1.1 m (2.3-3.6 ft) were found surrounding the mammoth-bone structures at Mezhirich, filled with bone and ash, and are believed to have been used as either meat storage facilities, refuse pits or both. Internal and external hearths surround the dwellings, and these are filled with burnt mammoth bone. Tool workshop areas were identified at the site. Stone tools are dominated by microliths, while bone and ivory tools include needles, awls, ​perforators, and polishers. Items of personal ornamentation include shell and amber beads, and ivory pins. Several examples of mobiliary or portable art recovered from the site of Mezhirich include stylized anthropomorphic figurines and ivory engravings. The majority of animal bone found at the site are mammoth and hare  but smaller elements of wooly rhinoceros, horse, reindeer, bison, brown bear, cave lion, wolverine, wolf, and fox are also represented  and were probably butchered and consumed on site. Radiocarbon Dates Mezhirich has been the focus of a suite of radiocarbon dates, primarily because while there are numerous hearths at the site and an abundance of bone charcoal, there is almost no wood charcoal. Recent archaeobotanical studies suggest that taphonomic processes which selectively removed wood charcoal may be the reason for the lack of wood, rather than reflecting deliberate bone selection by the occupants. Like other Dnepr River basin mammoth bone settlements, Mezhirich was first thought to have been occupied between 18,000 and 12,000 years ago, based on early radiocarbon dates. More recent ​​Accelerator Mass Spectrometry (AMS) radiocarbon dates suggest a shorter chronology for all mammoth bone settlements, between 15,000 and 14,000 years ago. Six AMS radiocarbon dates from Mezhirich returned calibrated dates between 14,850 and 14,315 BCE. Excavation History Mezhirich was discovered in 1965 by a local farmer, and excavated between 1966 and 1989 by a series of archaeologists from the Ukraine and Russia. Joint international excavations were conducted by scholars from Ukraine, Russia, the UK, and the US well into the 1990s. Sources Cunliffe B. Upper Paleolithic economy and society. In Prehistoric Europe: An Illustrated History. Oxford University Press, Oxford, 1998. Marquer L, Lebreton V, Otto T, Valladas H, Haesaerts P, Messager E, Nuzhnyi D, and Pà ©an S. Charcoal scarcity in Epigravettian settlements with mammoth bone dwellings: the taphonomic evidence from Mezhyrich (Ukraine). Journal of Archaeological Science, 2012, 39(1):109-120. Soffer O, Adovasio JM, Kornietz NL, Velichko AA, Gribchenko YN, Lenz BR, and Suntsov VY. Cultural stratigraphy at Mezhirich, an Upper Palaeolithic site in Ukraine with multiple occupations. Antiquity , 1997, 71:48-62. Svoboda J, Pà ©an S, and Wojtal P. Mammoth bone deposits and subsistence practices during Mid-Upper Palaeolithic in Central Europe: three cases from Moravia and Poland. Quaternary International, 2005, 126–128:209-221. Alternate Spellings: Mejiriche, Mezhyrich

Definition and Examples of Language Contact

Definition and Examples of Language Contact Definition Language contact is the social and linguistic phenomenon by which speakers of different languages (or different dialects of the same language) interact with one another, leading to a transfer of linguistic features. Language contact is a major factor in language change, notes Stephan Gramley. Contact with other languages and other dialectal varieties of one language is a source of alternative pronunciations, grammatical structures, and vocabulary (The History of English: An Introduction, 2012). Prolonged language contact generally leads to bilingualism or multilingualism. Uriel Weinreich (Languages in Contact, 1953) and Einar  Haugen (The Norwegian Language in America, 1953) are  commonly regarded as the pioneers of language-contact studies. A particularly influential later study is  Language Contact, Creolization, and Genetic Linguistics by  Sarah Grey Thomason  and  Terrence Kaufman (University of California Press, 1988). Examples and Observations [W]hat counts as language contact? The mere juxtaposition of two speakers of different languages, or two texts in different languages, is too trivial to count: unless the speakers or the texts interact in some way, there can be no transfer of linguistic features in either direction. Only when there is some interaction does the possibility of a contact explanation for synchronic variation or diachronic change arise. Throughout human history, most language contacts have been face to face, and most often the people involved have a nontrivial degree of fluency in both languages. There are other possibilities, especially in the modern world with novel means of worldwide travel and mass communication: many contacts now occur through written language only. . . . [L]anguage contact is the norm, not the exception. We would have a right to be astonished if we found any language whose speakers had successfully avoided contacts with all other languages for periods longer than one or two hundred years. (Sarah Thomason, Contact Explanations in Linguistics.  The Handbook of Language Contact, ed. by  Raymond Hickey. Wiley-Blackwell, 2013) Minimally, in order to have something that we would recognize as language contact, people must learn at least some part of two or more distinct linguistic codes. And, in practice, language contact is really only acknowledged when one code becomes more similar to another code as a result of that interaction. (Danny Law,  Language Contact, Inherited Similarity and Social Difference. John Benjamins, 2014)   Different Types of Language-Contact Situations Language contact is not, of course, a homogeneous phenomenon. Contact may occur between languages which are genetically related or unrelated, speakers may have similar or vastly different social structures, and patterns of multilingualism may also vary greatly. In some cases the entire community speaks more than one variety, while in other cases only a subset of the population is multilingual. Lingualism and lectalism may vary by age, by ethnicity, by gender, by social class, by education level, or by one or more of a number of other factors. In some communities there are few constraints on the situations in which more than one language can be used, while in others there is heavy diglossia, and each language is confined to a particular type of social interaction. . . .   While there a great number of different language contact situations, a few come up frequently in areas where linguists do fieldwork. One is dialect contact, for example between standard varieties of a language and regional varieties (e.g., in France or the Arab world). . . . A further type of language contact involves exogamous communities where more than one language might be used within the community because its members come from different areas. . . .The converse of such communities where exogamy leads to multilingualism is an endoterogenous community which maintains its own language for the purpose of excluding outsiders. . . . Finally, fieldworkers particularly often work in endangered language communities where language shift is in progress.   (Claire Bowern, Fieldwork in Contact Situations.  The Handbook of Language Contact, ed. by  Raymond Hickey. Wiley-Blackwell, 2013)   The Study of Language Contact - Manifestations of language contact are  found in a great variety of domains, including language acquisition, language processing and production, conversation and discourse, social functions of language and language policy, typology and language change, and more. . . . [T]he study of language contact is of value toward an understanding of the inner functions and the inner structure of grammar and the language faculty itself. (Yaron Matras, Language Contact. Cambridge University Press, 2009) - A very naive view of language contact would probably hold that speakers take bundles of formal and functional properties, semiotic signs so to speak, from the relevant contact language and insert them into their own language. To be sure, this view is much too simplistic and not seriously maintained any longer. A probably more realistic view held in language contact research is that whatever kind of material is transferred in a situation of language contact, this material necessarily experiences some sort of modification through contact. (Peter Siemund, Language Contact: Constraints and Common Paths of Contact-Induced Language Change.  Language Contact and Contact Languages, ed. by  Peter Siemund and Noemi Kintana. John Benjamins, 2008) Language Contact and Grammatical Change [T]he transfer of grammatical meanings and structures across languages is regular, and . . . it is shaped by universal processes of grammatical change. Using data from a wide range of languages we . . . argue that this transfer is essentially in accordance with principles of grammaticalization, and that these principles are the same irrespective of whether or not language contact is involved, and of whether it concerns unilateral or multilateral transfer.. . . [W]hen embarking on the work leading to this book we were assuming that grammatical change taking place as a result of language contact is fundamentally different from purely language-internal change. With regard to replication, which is the central theme of the present work, this assumption turned out to be unfounded: there is no decisive difference between the two. Language contact can and frequently does trigger or influence the development of grammar in a number of ways; overall, however, the same kind of processes and directionality can be observed in both. Still, there is reason to assume that language contact in general and grammatical replication in particular may accelerate grammatical change . . .. (Bernd Heine and Tania Kuteva,  Language Contact and Grammatical Change. Cambridge University Press, 2005) Old English and Old Norse Contact-induced grammaticalization is part of contact-induced grammatical change,and in the literature of the latter it has been repeatedly pointed out that language contact often brings about loss of grammatical categories. A frequent example given as illustration of this kind of situation involves Old English and Old Norse, whereby Old Norse was brought to the British Isles through the heavy settlement of Danish  Vikings in the Danelaw area during the 9th to 11th centuries. The result of this language contact is reflected in the linguistic system of Middle English, one of the characteristics of which is the absence of grammatical gender. In this particular language contact situation, there seems to have been an additional factor leading to the loss, namely, the genetic closeness andaccordinglythe urge to diminish the functional overload of speakers bilingual in Old English and Old Norse.   Thus a functional overload explanation  seems to be a plausible way to account for what we observe in Middle English, that is, after Old English and Old Norse had come into contact: gender assignment often diverged in Old English and Old Norse, which would have readily led to the elimination of it in order to avoid confusion and to lessen the strain of learning the other contrastive system. (Tania Kuteva and  Bernd Heine, An Integrative Model of Grammaticalization.   Grammatical Replication and Borrowability in Language Contact, ed. by  Bjà ¶rn Wiemer, Bernhard Wlchli, and Bjà ¶rn Hansen. Walter de Gruyter, 2012) Also  See AccommodationBorrowingContact LanguageHistorical LinguisticsKoineizationLanguage ChangeSociolinguistics

Free English Essays

Free English Essays Free English Essays Free English Essays Free English essays should be used with caution.   Firstly, it is very unwise to submit free English essays as your own writings.   Secondly, free English essays may not correspond to your specific essay question.   What is the solution?   Read the free sample of English essays, decide whether you can write your own essay, and order professional essay writing service! Our English essay writers can write an essay on any topic!   All English essays are written from scratch and contain no plagiarism. is a trusted site hiring responsible writers. Free English essays - sample on society "Societies" can't make the kinds of conscious risk assessments that informed individuals do. Instead, those decisions are made by small subsets of the society, with most individuals (including many leaders) unaware that they are being made. Furthermore, although questions of intergenerational equity do play a role in individual risk assessment (women will, for example, avoid consuming substances in pregnancy they think may later harm their children), we believe that it should play a much larger role in social risk-taking. Social systems have adapted to the consequences of inevitable individual deaths. But should our generation's "decision" to wipe out much of Earth's biodiversity be carried out, the consequences could plague our descendants for a hundred thousand generations or more. The consequences of mistakes in social risk-taking can be therefore much more widespread and long-lasting than those of individual risk-taking. As has often been said about the extinction crisis, we are not just causing the deaths of many other organisms, we are causing an end to their births. To most people, the latter is a much grimmer consequence, be it for rhinos or for humanity. Since the probability of the extinction of many organisms is very high and the consequences are deemed very serious, the risk being run by not dealing effectively with the extinction crisis is gigantic. Social risk-benefit decisions differ from personal ones in another important way. The kinds of risks one faces day to day tend to be familiar and easily perceived, as are the benefits. Most of us have seen many automobile accidents, if not in person, then on the evening news. The risks one runs in driving are part of everyday life, but so is the convenience of personal transportation. Virtually everyone over fifty has seen a friend or relative die miserably of cancer and has lost someone close from a heart attack. Costs that are thought to lie far in the future may be heavily discounted - †the "getting lung cancer in my seventies is a small price to pay for the joy of smoking until then" syndrome. But easily perceived risks are often ignored if one values the benefits highly enough. Skydivers are in no doubt about the potential costs of the chute are not opening but know the exhilaration of the drop. Many regularly confront the zero infinity dilemma of jumping out of an airplan e for the fun of it and accept the risk. Custom Writing Of course, not every person is fascinated with writing. I know many people who hate writing.   You can be an excellent speaker but essay writing may cause uncontrollable nervousness.   If you really care about your academic achievements, do not hesitate to use professional English essay writing services.   Your essay will be written from scratch, meet all requirements, and guarantee positive results.

End-Game Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

End-Game - Research Paper Example In line with this, four fundamental building blocks are said to influence strategy execution. These include a clarification of the decisions made, designing the flow of information, alignment of motivators and making the necessary changes to the organizational structure (Neilson, Martin, & Powers, 2008). An example of the application of these concepts is in one’s community organization. Usually, when one’s organization introduces a new strategy for an existing project, the program administrators meet with the members to explain the reason behind the strategy, why it is being implemented and the expected results of the strategy. This is being done to make sure that each one in the organization will work towards the achievement of the objectives of the strategy. The execution of the strategy then becomes easier because it is well understood by the employees. The factors listed above are important attributes of a successful strategy execution. Since business environments today are highly competitive, organizations will only be successful if they focus more on how the plans are executed; rather than on the plans itself (Guillà ©n & Garcà ­a-Canal, 2012). Complicated long-range strategies may no longer work in the corporate environment today because of the unpredictability of the markets (Guillà ©n & Garcà ­a-Canal, 2012). Good strategies are important but with the current trends in business, execution is what really

1929 America crisis Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

1929 America crisis - Research Paper Example In this paper, I will start with an overview of the great depression. I will also look through the causes that have been considered to lie in the base of the American crisis of 1929. Finally, I will also dwell on social and economic effects of the great depression on America and conclude by looking through the end of the Great depression in America (Burg 90). OVERVIEW OF THE GREAT DEPRESSION The years preceding the Great Depression were marked by economic recovery evidenced by a rise in stock prices in 1928. The situation of trade in the preceding year also greatly mushroomed, and Americans were so engrossed in their economic prosperity that it became very easy for an individual to access a credit. The signs of a fluctuating economic situation became noticeable in the autumn of 1929, and the crisis was a surprise and a major blow to those who were caught unaware. This was followed by several activities by financial movers to save the economy: it is on Tuesday in October 1929 that 16 million of stock shares were directly traded, and the industrial index declined by the amazing 10%. Within the period that followed, shares of stock continued to lose their value at more than a half. It is these events that marked the official beginning of the American crisis of 1929 (Watkins 67). CAUSES OF THE GREAT DEPRESSION IN THE USA ... In the period of 1928 and 1929, however, the value of the shares of stock grew to so much higher levels than the value of the companies they represented that this resulted into an inappropriate situation where the companies could not meet up with the value of their stock shares (Fearnow 89). Another major cause of the Great depression in America was the behavior of Americans who used to buy on credit which was on the rise in the 1920s. This was a period of a marked economic boom, and this placed people in a situation of less thought and care about their future. There was a lot of installment buying where many people bought cars and electronics of high value which did not match the money they had in the possession or in savings. The availability of installment buying encouraged so many people to buy things on credit that when the stock market came to a crash, many people were left with huge debts to settle. This was followed by many people losing their jobs, and it became virtually im possible to settle their highly accumulated debts (Kupperberg 98). The supply and demand situation also played a great role in contributing to the start and lengthening of the Great Depression in America. During the period of economic prosperity in the 1920s, the American manufacturing industries and agricultural sectors produced large quantities of goods and services. This resulted in the market acting up with an increase in prices which was not marked by the adjustment in American workers’ wages which remained constant, but the workers had no more to keep up with the soaring prices, therefore, they stopped buying the goods and services. Factories, however, did not adjust their

Lit review Literature Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Lit - Literature review Example eview of literature showed that previous studies have documented the reliability of relying on consumer profiling for marketers, in order to segment products for different customer segments successfully. The study also found that the brand image and the brand personality of a product are among the driving forces behind its demand. It’s a basic human desire to comprehend all about the nature of the self as a person, what one does and what they believe – apart from also enquiring the factors behind visible behaviour. In relation to the preferences of consumers, for some brands and products and not others, it has remained a matter of importance, to explore the self-associations that are made and their relationship to the consumer’s self-concept. For example, for a consumer who is physically fit (one who regards themselves an athlete) it is likely that they will purchase products that enforce their identity as an athlete. In light of the associations explained between self-concept and consumer behaviours, this report aims to establish the relationship between self concept and brand image and attachment, which are the main influencers of consumer purchasing behaviour. Towards delivering on the aim, the report will present a critical literature review with the aim of providing answers to the re search question: what can marketers and producers do to position products successfully among a majority of their target consumers? Through finding answers to the research question, the report is supposed to meet the objectives of exposing the process of developing brand image for products successfully and expose the relationship between brand image and the buying behaviour of consumers. The drive behind consumer behaviour, according to Virani (2013, p. 155), is what triggers a variety of identity-based effects and outcomes, including a heightened attention to identity-related stimulus; the consumer is more likely to recognize and shop for products that are normally

Learning to Read and Write by Frederick Douglass and Learning to Read Essay

Learning to Read and Write by Frederick Douglass and Learning to Read by Malcolm X - Essay Example As the discussion stresses even though both Malcolm X and Douglass underwent very unconventional forms of learning, the details about these experiences are different. Moreover, both writers used very logical and persuasive arguments to convey the information about their endeavors; however, their different time periods explain the divergent appreciation they had about these life lessons. These similarities and differences will be deeply analyzed throughout the paper in order to come out with a better understanding of these great historical figures. Many similarities exist between Malcolm X’s and Douglass’ essays that put forward their unconventional ways of learning how to read and write. Indeed, the unusual setting constitutes the first common experience the two men had to undergo. Thus, Malcolm X’s imprisonment provided him with a true opportunity to become literate.   From this paper it is clear that the process continued until he knew all the words from the dictionary and their meaning, thereby, revealing his devotion. Similarly, Douglass’ learning had also been very unconventional in the sense that even though he had a mistress who taught him the alphabet, his training was discontinued and he had to strive through unorthodox ways. Disappointed at being denied education, he managed to learn how to read and write the best way he could. He recalled the challenge: â€Å"The plan which I adopted, and the one by which I was most successful, was that of making friends of all the little white boys whom I met in the street. As many of these as I could, I converted into teachers. With their kindly aid, obtained at different times and in different places, I finally succeeded in learning to read†. Forbidden to read in his masters’ house, he found refuge in the streets where white boys were willing to help him learn how to read. Ironical ly, the parents of the same white boys symbolize the mainstream that denied him education. However, as children displaying their innocence, these white boys did not see their racial difference as a handicap and, therefore, agreed to teach him how to read.  

Cloud Computing Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words - 1

Cloud Computing - Research Paper Example Along with the advantages of cloud computing, few concerns regarding its adaptation have been discussed in this paper. Few recommendations are also provided that can be helpful in the process of choosing a cloud computing service provider. 1. Introduction The advancement in computer technology has caused revolutionary changes in the mode of life on the planet. It has leaped mankind to a new level due to its constant improvements and developments. All fields of life have witnessed changes, for example, the field of medicine has been overpowered by technological advancement to such a great extent that it cannot be termed complete without the technological incorporation. The field of business has been benefitted due to the integration of information management systems in it. It is due to the information management systems that data can be managed in a structured form, alongside the formalized business processes and operations. Modern businesses tend to face increasing demands from their consumer in the prevailing market trends. Greater demands from consumer and increasing competitions in the market compel the companies to stay updated with the latest technologies in the market. Cloud computing is one of such latest technologies that is gaining name in the business sector due to its multi-faceted nature. Boss, Malladi, Quan, Legregni and Hall (2007) defined cloud computing as a type of an application and a platform. InfoSys (2009) defined it as the flexible usage and access to computing resources that are offered on the web. The concept of cloud computing is being accepted faster than anticipated since it caters to the increasing needs of the enterprises and the changing trends of the consumer behavior. The small and medium sized organizations do not have huge reserves to establish extensive IT infrastructure and large organizations suffer extensive expenses to increase their infrastructure. Cloud computing provides a low cost approach to provide uninterrupted serv ice to their clients. Section 2 of the paper will discuss the issues that have been witnessed in the traditional form of computing and data centers. Section 3 includes an elaborate discussion on the cloud computing technology and important aspects that address the limitations of the conventional form of computing. Few considerations need to be made by customers before they make the transition to cloud computing services; such aspects will also be discussed in Section 3. Section 4 constitutes the accumulation and conclusion of all research findings, along with recommendations and future work. 2. Issues with Traditional Form of Computing The integration of computers in the business sector has been witnessed for number of years. The common approach has been to invest in the required scale of IT infrastructure in the initial phase of the business and then, increase the number of components whenever the need arises. There tends to be a variation in the demands of customers in any busines s, for example, an online business organization might have greater traffic of customer requests at the end of the year in the holidays shopping season. The company might have to purchase greater number of data storage and servers to cater to the increasing demands so that there are no instances of denial of service or crashed servers.

Financial Appraisal Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Financial Appraisal - Essay Example For ARR, the formula is also simple and easy to understand. However, it neglects time value of money and focuses on profit instead of cash flow. When calculating the NPV in public sector projects, additional factors should be taken into considerations. Because it deals with the public sector, the analysis should go beyond financial to measure the social costs and benefits of the project. For example, even if the project is financially feasible and will yield returns, negative externalities such as pollution should also be taken into account. It should be noted that a governmental institution and the public sector is not a profit maximize but is focused in bringing the highest level of social welfare. Post audit appraisal is essential at the end of the life of the project in order to assess if the initial goals or projections have been adequately met. This also measures the level of understanding of the company in projecting the future of a project. Through post-audit appraisal, the company can evaluate itself on why projections did not materialize. The learning from post-audit appraisal will enable the company to apply it in future project evaluations.

Cloud Computing Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words - 1

Cloud Computing - Research Paper Example Along with the advantages of cloud computing, few concerns regarding its adaptation have been discussed in this paper. Few recommendations are also provided that can be helpful in the process of choosing a cloud computing service provider. 1. Introduction The advancement in computer technology has caused revolutionary changes in the mode of life on the planet. It has leaped mankind to a new level due to its constant improvements and developments. All fields of life have witnessed changes, for example, the field of medicine has been overpowered by technological advancement to such a great extent that it cannot be termed complete without the technological incorporation. The field of business has been benefitted due to the integration of information management systems in it. It is due to the information management systems that data can be managed in a structured form, alongside the formalized business processes and operations. Modern businesses tend to face increasing demands from their consumer in the prevailing market trends. Greater demands from consumer and increasing competitions in the market compel the companies to stay updated with the latest technologies in the market. Cloud computing is one of such latest technologies that is gaining name in the business sector due to its multi-faceted nature. Boss, Malladi, Quan, Legregni and Hall (2007) defined cloud computing as a type of an application and a platform. InfoSys (2009) defined it as the flexible usage and access to computing resources that are offered on the web. The concept of cloud computing is being accepted faster than anticipated since it caters to the increasing needs of the enterprises and the changing trends of the consumer behavior. The small and medium sized organizations do not have huge reserves to establish extensive IT infrastructure and large organizations suffer extensive expenses to increase their infrastructure. Cloud computing provides a low cost approach to provide uninterrupted serv ice to their clients. Section 2 of the paper will discuss the issues that have been witnessed in the traditional form of computing and data centers. Section 3 includes an elaborate discussion on the cloud computing technology and important aspects that address the limitations of the conventional form of computing. Few considerations need to be made by customers before they make the transition to cloud computing services; such aspects will also be discussed in Section 3. Section 4 constitutes the accumulation and conclusion of all research findings, along with recommendations and future work. 2. Issues with Traditional Form of Computing The integration of computers in the business sector has been witnessed for number of years. The common approach has been to invest in the required scale of IT infrastructure in the initial phase of the business and then, increase the number of components whenever the need arises. There tends to be a variation in the demands of customers in any busines s, for example, an online business organization might have greater traffic of customer requests at the end of the year in the holidays shopping season. The company might have to purchase greater number of data storage and servers to cater to the increasing demands so that there are no instances of denial of service or crashed servers.

The role of the IMF in helping poor and debt-troubled countries Research Paper

The role of the IMF in helping poor and debt-troubled countries - Research Paper Example The IMF is tasked with the role of assisting nations suffice their budgets or invest in areas that positively influence the social welfare or the economy of a country. Most of the support activities that IMF undertakes are backed by global policies. An example is the IMF helps less developed nation to improve health care, education and security which is in line with the United Nations Millennium Development goals. Another reason why the IMF helps poor nation is to stabilize nations in economic and social terms. A debt ridden country has a high probability of social disorder, thus more economic failures (Ghosh, Zalduendo, Thomas, Ramakrishnan, Kim &Joshi 2008). Globalization has ensured that all nations are interlinked economically, thus, failure of an economy to meet its obligations can impact on the global economy, which might lead to a crisis. Despite the fact that the IMF is tasked to issue loans to member countries, there are several conditions that must be met as part of eligibility criteria. First, a country is supposed to design a program that is supposed to address the problem that has made it resort to the IMF for assistance (IMF Factsheet). Before the IMF considers a loan, country must identify the causes of the deficit and the strategies that are in place to mitigate the situation. In deficits situations, the IMF holds that countries should engage in activities that try to resolve the deficit since it affects other economies of the world. Second, the International Monetary Fund should be allowed to assess the programs that are under its support. This is meant to ensure that funds are channeled to the intended functions. Moreover, the process also ensures that the intended benefits are realized. The assessment programs are mostly conducted in less developed nations due to inefficiencies, misappropriation and also embezzlement of funds by few individuals. The institution employs structural benchmarks that are meant to protect IMF interests in the

The Impact Of Advertising On The Mass Media Media Essay

The Impact Of Advertising On The Mass Media Media Essay With the social and economic development and frequent international cultural exchange, the traditional media such as newspapers, magazines, radio and television are going through a increasingly stable development in recent years. With the rapid development of high technology, Internet media is emerging as the fourth. These resulted in more frequent exchange of social information, and now advertisers have more convenient channels for their goods and services promotion. Mass media has become a major promotional platform for advertising; both news and advertising are interdependent and mutually compete for the TV broadcast time and newspaper pages published. Advertising development is bound to have increasingly important influence on the development of mass media. Firstly, this paper will outline the research background and rationale. Following this, it will explain the intention and the importance of the research. Then, it will explain the aim and the objectives of the research. Next, the paper will review previous literatures which are related to this study. This is followed by the methodology of the research. The paper will explain the resource, sampling and ethical considerations of the study orderly. Finally, it will make out the conclusion of the study. Background and research rationale Advertising is a particular need, since the production and exchange of goods, advertising had began to be used in the life. The worlds first ad is conducted by voice, also known as oral advertising, which is the most primitive sell advertising, which is characterized by simple forms of advertising in particular. Back in the early slave society of ancient Greece, people do the slave and livestock trade by public advocacy and yelling out the rhythmic ads. The invention of the printing press created a new era of advertising. In 1473, Britains first publisher, William à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Kanke Si printed a lot of publicity religious content of the print ads and posted them in the many streets in London; this is the first Western print advertising. In 1622, Nicholas Brown and Thomas à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Ke Qieer, who were both from the UK, founded the first English newspaper ¼Ã…’which was named Weekly News and was published in London. Since then, newspaper has become a main carrier of advertising. To the end of 1830, America has had about l200 pieces of newspapers, and 65 species of them are daily newspapers. Most or first full-page edition of many newspapers is advertising. 1830 -1850 is the penny press era, because the price is a penny foe each piece of newspaper. Due to the low price, the sales had increased, and the effectiveness of advertising had also been increased. While popular in the newspaper ads, magazine ads are increasing, and a large amount of advertising agencies and advertising companies showed up since then. With the development and popularization of radio and television, they became a major carrier of advertising, because they have benefits of quick spread, vivid images and a wide range covering, which are more easily to attract the attention of consumers. After the 1980s, with the rapid development and popular of electronic media, computer began to be used for advertising design and planning. With high-tech, advertising has become part of the information dissemination activities in our lives. Inevitably, the development of advertising caused a lot of impact on mass media, both positive and negative. Aim and Objectives The aim of this study is to find the impact of advertising on the development trends of mass media, there must be a very complicated relationship between advertising and news in the mass media, and as all known, news provide real and quick information to people, but the function of advertising is totally different, which will lead different impact on the mass media. This research is aimed to find out all the elements which cause these differences and the result in the final. This study will firstly introduce the original and historic development of advertising which takes the mass media as the major carrier, and then analyze the relationship between news and advertising on the aspects of their differences and common points, and find out how they influence mass media in different ways. In the following this study will explain the impact of advertising on the development trends of mass media, from both positive and negative aspects. Following suggestions which aim at improving the development of mass media will be given in the end of this study. Literature Review In the study The impact of Advertising on media bias, Esther Gal-or, Tansev Geylani and Tubapinar Yildirim (2010) investigated how and in what extent the advertising affected the extent of bias in the media. They believed that, when making choices on which media to do the advertising and how much they would like to pay for it, advertisers would evaluate both the size as well as the composition of the readership of the different medias, in this way, when the total ad spending to a fixed advertising costs, it can be used as a reference value, according to advertisers strengths and weaknesses to make the final choice. They stated that, Reasons for the existence of media bias range from journalists desire to enhance their career opportunities to medias incentive to increase audience ratings. In a recent paper by Mullainathan and Shleifer, a link is established between subscription fees and media bias. There are some people doubts the objectivity of the mass media when they are purchasing economic benefit. Serge Kasper (2008) pointed out in his weblog The Impact of Advertising on Society that, Critics has accused advertising companies of falsely using the power of sound and visual to convince unsuspecting buyers to purchase products that dont offer what they promise. John Harms from Southwest Missouri State University and Douglas Kellner (1990) from the University of Texas at Austin had cooperated a study Toward A Critical Theory of Advertising, in which that pointed out that The studies such as what stated before have explore how the mass media influenced by advertisers and business, which is reflected in news and cultural differences.. According to these previous studies, this point is almost inevitable. Chuck, Blore (2000), who is one of the partners of the advertising firm Chuck Blore Don Ruchman said that Advertising is the art of arresting the human intelligence just long enough to get money from it. And this determined that the advertising is totally different from news in the function and purpose when they are televised or published. Shah (2008) stated that, Since the emergence of mass media, business is very natural to take them as channels and platforms to the promotion of products and services, there is nothing wrong in this point, because it makes the share of information and innovation come true and influence peoples daily life. Methodology Data Collection This paper studies the impact of advertising on the development trends of mass media, which requires doing some analysis on a common phenomenon for many advertising sector of media, and drawing basic conclusions. If only concrete on individual cases, apparently, the conclusion can not be representative of all media in common. In this article, I will collect enough detailed information, and the questionnaire will help the final conclusion to a large extent. All the previous studies about advertising and media, as well as their relationship will be taken as useful data, and they will be collected and analyzed in a scientific way. Questionnaire Interview In order to collect quantitative data for this study, this paper will use structured, close ended and five-point method to design questionnaire according to previous literatures. Before carrying on the questionnaire, this paper will try to summarize as more as possible previous study on the relevant topic, and analyze the information from different angles. A set of questions will be distributed to 10 people whose jobs are relevant to media or advertising and to another 10 who are common audiences and readers. Also there would be 2 open-ended questions and some interviews to those recipients. Through the questionnaire and interview, those aims are expected to be realized: 1. Is the advertising also an important information resource in the daily life? 2. Do people believe what the advertising tells about? 3. When the mass media provide time and space for the advertising, are they only pursuing economic benefit? 4. Will the advertising have negative influence on the reliability of mass media? 5. Is it reasonable to separate news and advertising in the media? All these questions above will be put into the questionnaires in detail, and the feedback will be gathered after the interviewees answering them, then the data will be summarized and the analysis will be make out, which will be helpful to the research of this topic. Timescale This study will be carried on from XXX. The total term approximately will be XXX weeks. The following will the various stages schedule of the work which is going to be done in the future. It will design the questionnaire of this study according to previous related literature from XXX to XXX. Moreover, this dissertation will implement pre-investigation to research the questions brought out in the above. It will implement converting data according to questionnaire, analyzing data, describing the results of analysis in XXX. It will gather all data together and write the draft of this study by the end of XXX. It will implement rectifying the dissertation and editing it according to standard format from XXX to XXX. Following this, it will make the final amendments and print the dissertation from XXX to XXX. This dissertation will be finished on XXX, 2010. The schedule arrangement will be carried on critically according to timescale.

Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate (ESR) Essay -- Discovery, Faustyn Edmun

Recently, in the Journal of Rheumatology in an interesting discussion concerning the application of ESR and CRP (C-reactive protein) appeared inaccurate information about the history of the discovery of ESR. Crowson, Rahman and Matteson in the article (1) and later in the discussion (2) suggested that the discovery of ESR occurred in the 20s of the last century. However, the discovery was not made in the 20s of the Twentieth Century, but at the end of the Nineteenth Century. For the sake of the highest standards of the discussion, in all its aspects, we would like to remind that the discoverer of erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) was a Polish physician Faustyn Edmund Biernacki (1866-1911) (3,4,5,6,7). He announced the discovery in 1897 in two articles simultaneously: one written in Polish in Gazeta Lekarska (4) and the second in German in the Deutsche Medizinische Wochenschrift (5). It is also possible to identify, as an important historical fact, the exact day of Biernackiâ€℠¢s discovery. Shortly before the publication of works describing ESR, on the 22nd of June 1897 during a meeting of the Warsaw Medical Society Biernacki presented five most important conclusions from his observations (6,7). These conclusions were as follows: blood sedimentation rate and volume of residue produced is different in different individuals; blood with small amounts of blood cells sediments faster; blood sedimentation rate depends on the level of â€Å"fibrynogens† in the blood plasma; during the course of febrile diseases (rheumatic fever included) with large amounts of plasma fibrinogen the ESR is increased, and in the defibrinated blood the sedimentation process is slower. The findings presented by Biernacki clearly show the clinical significance of th... ...Medica Scandinavica and in the same year 1921. Biernacki on the other hand presented his discovery in German and Polish more than twenty years before. Therefore, is it possible that in the scientists noted only the reports of the discovery presented in English and in one magazine? Or is it just an oversight resulting from an insufficient scientific knowledge about (or of?) historical facts? In order to maintain the highest standards of scientific reliability the â€Å"ESR test† should be named by specifying the method used e.g. Westergren’s ESR test method. The ESR test was discovered by Biernacki, and Westergren’s achievement was the development of a new laboratory technique. We postulate that in the scientific reports in which there is a historical aspect of the introduction of the ESR test (even if only as a reference), Biernacki’s discovery was not overlooked.

Global Warming and the Kyoto Treaty Essay -- Climate Change and the Ky

According to David Easterling, principal scientist at the National Climatic Data Center in Asheville, N.C. in twenty years the United States has had thirty seven weather related catastrophes each with damages exceeding one billion dollars (Levin 1). A country as wealthy as the United States can afford to pay thirty seven billion dollars in twenty years, assuming of course that the weather related disasters only cost one billion dollars each. Unfortunately, the weather does not work that way. Hurricane Katrina alone may have cost one hundred billion dollars (Tucker 13). What could be causing these devastating storms? Many atmospheric scientists like Kerry Emanuel believe that global warming is the cause of the increased ferocity of the hurricanes (Nash 38). With the polar temperatures increasing the icecaps are melting. Without the ice to reflect the sun's light, the water absorbs the heat. This creates a vicious cycle. The ocean levels rise with their temperatures. Hurricane Katrina was only a category one hurricane when it crossed Florida. However, when it reached the newly warmed Gulf waters, hurricane Katrina ballooned into a mind-blowing category five hurricane that destroyed the gulf region (McKibben, Year One 30). The melting of the polar icecaps has long been believed to be caused by global warming. Until recently, the cause of global warming itself has largely been up for debate. Now atmospheric scientists attribute global warming to increased greenhouse gases, such as carbon dioxide, in the earth's atmosphere (Greenstone 323). With the knowledge that carbon dioxide causes global warming countries can start taking actions to prevent future global warming. The United States alone produces twenty four percent of the world... ... 166 Issue 1 (2004): 10-12. Phelps, Megan. "More Action, Less Hot Air." The Mother Earth News Vol. 210 (2005): 30. Stenger, Richard. "Man on the Moon: Kennedy Speech Ignited the Dream." CNN.Com. 25 May 2001. Time Warner. 30 Nov. 2013 . Sunstein, Cass R. "It's Only $300 Billion If We Can Fund the War in Iraq, Why Can't We Fund the Kyoto Protocol?" The Washington Post 10 May 2006. 12 Nov. 2013 . Tucker, Patrick. "The Rising Costs of Global Warming." The Futurist Vol.39 Issue 6 (2005): 13. "Warming Trends What Global Climate Changes Could Mean for Wisconsin." Wisconsin Natural Resources 12 Nov. 2006. Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources. 12 Nov. 2013 .

The Analysis of the Main Character †the Grandmother in “A Good Man Is Hard to Find” Essay

In the story â€Å"A Good Man Is Hard to Find† written by Flannery O’Connor, the grandmother is the central character who grows and changes with the story develops, she is a round and dynamic character. At first, she seems to be an unpleasant, contemptible and selfish old lady who is skeptical about her religion. But in the end, when â€Å"her head cleared for an instant,† the grandmother becomes a real believer of God. And she is heading straight to heaven for her final Christ-like act of love the moment before she dies. That is, she moves from spiritual blindness to grace. And that is the method that the author uses to relate her to the theme of the story. Grandmother before the moment of grace First of all, she is selfish and unpleasant. When her family prepares to go on vacation in Florida, she persuades them to go to east Tennessee, where she has relatives. Unable to convince them, she uses the news that a psychopathic killer who calls himself The Misfit is heading toward Florida as an excuse to change her son Bailey’s mind. The grandmother is so self-centered that she just imposes her wish on those people around her. Also, her vanity and old belief make her an unpleasant character. She always claims to be a lady and thinks much of wealth and social status. When they set out to Florida, she dresses in her best clothes and an ostentatious hat lest no one can recognize her as a refined lady if she dies in an accident along the road. â€Å"The grandmother had on a navy blue straw sailor hat with a bunch of white violets on the brim and a navy blue dress with a small white dot in the print. Her collars and cuffs were white organdy trimmed with lace and at her necklin e she had pinned a purple spray of cloth violets containing a sachet.† From her perspective of identity, I can see that she defines people externally, by clothing. And she tells her grandchildren, John Wesley and June Star, that â€Å"she would have done well to marry Mr. Teagarden because he was a gentle man and had bought Coca-Cola stock when it first came out and that he had died only a few years ago, a very wealthy man.† At this point, the grandmother appears to be the woman of old South who holds the outdated idea of hierarchy. She thinks only a gentleman who is rich can march with a lady, which is a stereotypically southern aristocratic prejudice. What’s more, she is a racist and opinionated. â€Å"Oh, look at the  cute little pickaninny!† she said†¦ â€Å"Wouldn’t he make a picture now?† â€Å"He didn’t have any britches on,† June Star said. â€Å"He probably didn’t have any,† the grandmother explained. â€Å"Little niggers in the country don’t have things like we do.â €  Her affection for the South and the days of slavery are still influencing her. According to her understanding, black people, especially kids are supposed to be poor. They belong to the lower class of the society so that they are inferior to her, who is a lady from the upper class. She considers herself morally superior to others by the virtue of her being a â€Å"lady†, and she freely and frequently makes judgment on others. At lunchtime, they stop at Red Sammy’s, a barbecue eatery, where the grandmother laments that â€Å"people are certainly not nice like they used to be†. During the conversation with Red Sammy, the grandmother, narrow-minded and opinionated, repeatedly assures herself that she is a lady, a good Christian, and a good judge of character. She maintains that Red Sammy, a bossy loudmouth, is a â€Å"good man† and that Europe â€Å"was entirely to blame for the way things were now.† The part that grandmother is selfish, vain, arrogant and judgmental only makes her unpleasant for me, but when she gets her family h urt, she turns out to be contemptible. After they leave the roadhouse, her obstinacy about going to Tennessee blinds her sense of direction, she manipulates her son into making a detour to see an old plantation she once visited as a girl. First, she arouses the kids’ interest to find a house with secret panel, and then she depicts the tour to the plantation â€Å"would be very educational for them†. She is well aware that any father would not reject something labeled â€Å"educational†, so she manipulates them to get what she wants. And this leads them to a very dangerous tour, which they have an accident later because the cat Pitty Sing she selfishly sneaks out leaps onto Bailey and he loses control of the car on the dirt road. In such awful situation, all that she cares about is to avoid the responsibility, so she pretends to be injured. Although she is an old lady, this behavior is really out of line. No one should put their family at risk and find themselves an excuse to escape from the responsibi lity. Her selfishness is more evident when the whole family are confronting with the Misfit, a serial killer. Technically, it is the grandmother recognizing the identity of the Misfit that gets all her family killed. However, she never beg the Misfit to spare her family, she just pleads for her own life. In her  conversation with the Misfit, she tells him, â€Å"If you would pray†¦Jesus would help you.† She calls on â€Å"Jesus† a number of times, but I am not sure if she means â€Å"Jesus will help you† or â€Å"she might be cursing† as she begs the Misfit â€Å"not to shoot a lady.† Plus, for one moment just before she dies, the old lady doubts Jesus, or at least feels abandoned: â€Å"Maybe he didn’t raise the dead†. It is an understandable reaction, after the colossal shock she has undergone: she knows that her family has been massacred. Here, her faith has been tested here. Therefore, I can only assume that the grandmother is a superficial Christian who scepticizes her belief sometimes. Grandmother’s change However, in the end, when â€Å"her head cleared for an instant,† the grandmother has a moment of insight. The moment she reaches out to the Misfit and declares â€Å"You’re one of my own children†, she reveals and offers to the Misfit her compassionate love, she experiences what O’Connor refers to as her â€Å"moment of grace,† a time when she recognizes that she shares some trait with the Misfit despite their obvious differences. She knows she is far from a good person, she is flawed just as the Misfit. She abandons the moral high ground she had held and accepts the common humanity. Here is her religious epiphany. By embracing the moment of grace, she turns into a devout Christian, she believing in Jesus and is ready to â€Å"thow away everything and follow Him†. The link between the grandmother and the theme The link between the grandmother and the theme lies in the moment she embraces the moment of grace. The grandmother travels from the recognition only of her own selfish desires to self-recognition of herself in other through suffering. That is, she moves from spiritual blindness to grace. O’Connor suggests that the grandmother has received grace since Jesus â€Å"thrown everything off balance† by dying on a cross Himself. Thus, suffering is an essential part of receiving grace, and with the help of the Misfit, the grandmother has made this journey of suffering, a journey from spiritual blindness and selfishness to suffering, and finally grace. This passage witnesses the change of a selfish, arrogant old woman. Even though she has all these weaknesses at the beginning, she becomes the â€Å"good man† when she embracing the moment of grace. Violence and suffering are the necessary  ingredients to help her change. In fact, both the experience of the grandmother re veals that good â€Å"is hard to find†. References: 1 A Good Man Is Hard to Find (short story), from Wikipedia 2 SparkNotes: A good man is hard to find, Analysis of Major Characters 3 é «ËœÃ¦  ©Ã¦â„¢ ®Ã§Å¡â€žÃ¦â€" ¥Ã¥ ¿â€"ï ¼Å'è ¯ »Ã¤ ¹ ¦Ã§ ¬â€Ã¨ ® °-A good man is hard to findï ¼Å'æ  ¥Ã¨â€¡ ªÃ¤ º ºÃ¤ º ºÃ§ ½â€˜ 4 è“ Ã¨â€° ²Ã¨ ½ »Ã©â€º ¨Ã¦ ° ´Ã¥  °Ã¯ ¼Å'PPT – A good man is hard to findï ¼Å'æ  ¥Ã¨â€¡ ªÃ§â„¢ ¾Ã¥ º ¦Ã¦â€"‡å ºâ€œ

Humans and Bread

Food is a basic need for the creatures in the world to sustain their daily body methodology. Bread is a regarded as a symbol for life, symbol for prosperity and livelihood from ages. Bread, a food item was discovered primarily in the Middle East and the features of the bread were modified according to the regions it has been introduced. The bread was related to the divine source provided by the eternity. Since wheat is the cultivated in most part of the world and the bread is prepared with wheat. Bread therefore symbolizes food in various forms.Consumption of bread was known in the pre Christian era. In the initial times when bread was introduced to the English speaking countries the villages used to have to community kitchens where the women in every house used to bake their cakes at a common place. The women were regarded as the significant part in the family who nurture the family and their congregation was regarded as significant social involvement. The guests were welcomed in to the houses with a piece of bread and liquor to wish them a better life.The Russians regards bread and vodkha as a sacred combination. The bread which was prepared from wheat was considered basic food. Bread was used as a commodity in Egyptian ages. After the post harvest period people were provided with work and paid bread. Thus bread is considered as money. Bread or wheat was considered as basic ingredient for the livelihood and the rulers were at times conscious about the supply of the grains or bread to huge population in the kingdom.The bakers who tried to adulterate the bread making process were severely punished. The English used to introduce wheat cultivation and bread making in different parts of the world. Bread making even now is a daily routine affair for many families in different countries as it symbolizes a tradition, a habitual action. Now a days people in different parts prepare bread to suit their tastes to make it more nutritious and to include their and love and affection to share with family.

Working Conditions of the Meat Industry

Recognition of the inherent dignity and of equal and inalienable rights of all members of the human family is the foundation of freedom, justice and peace in the world. Everyone has the right to life, liberty and the security of person. These few words pretty much sums up the mission of the Human Rights Watch (HRW), an international non-governmental organization whose main focus is to ensure the wellbeing and the inherent rights to life that all human beings are entitled to. By using means such as the media for example, Human Rights Watch sets out to not only insure that all human beings live their lives with dignity but to also bring to justice those who, through merciless dictatorships, suppress the happiness and basic human rights of their people. The purpose of this paper is to discuss my opinion on whether or not I agree with certain changes recommended by the HRW in regards to work safety when it comes to immigrant workers. I will provide my opinion and consider some of the utilitarian and deontological considerations. In 1906, Upton Sinclair's novel â€Å"The Jungle† uncovered harrowing conditions inside America's meat packing plants and initiated a period of transformation in the nation's meat industry. The Pure Food and Drug Act and the Federal Meat Inspection Act were both passed later that year, and labor organizations slowly began to improve the conditions under which the country's meat packers toiled. But some critics say America's meat business has been in decline for decades and that the poor conditions found in slaughterhouses and packing facilities today are often little better than those described by Sinclair. The Human Rights Watch was founded in 1978 as â€Å"Helsinki Watch† to support and protect individual dissidents and independent citizen groups in Eastern Europe and the former Soviet Union. The aim was to defend the rights of suppressed writers, scholars, and intellectuals, and to ensure that their governments complied with the 1975 Helsinki Accords, which, among other things, affirmed citizens’ rights to monitor the human rights practices of their own governments. The first expansion came in 1981 when Americas Watch was established to demonstrate that human rights standards are universal and should be applied equally to governments of all political stripes. The HRW group investigated the meat and poultry industry’s unfair, unethical and inhumane practices and found that things needed to be changed. HRW recommended an assortment of things to change to include â€Å"new laws and policies should ensure respect for the human rights of immigrant workers, whatever their legal status. Immigrants should have the same workplace protections as non-immigrants, including coverage under fair labor standards and other labor laws, and the same remedies when their rights are violated† and â€Å"New federal and state laws should reduce line speed in meat and poultry plants and establish new ergonomics standards to reduce repetitive stress injuries. Health and safety authorities should apply stronger enforcement measures. States should develop stronger worker compensation laws and enforcement mechanisms. These changes were recommended because there is a massive influx of immigrant workers in the meat and poultry plants around the country. Also a significant number of these workers are unaware of their workplace rights. Many of these workers and their family are also undocumented and don’t want to draw attention to themselves. Because of their undocumented status, this prevents workers from seeking protection for their rights as workers from government authorities. The meat and poultry industry takes advantage of these fears and use it to their advantage. They play on the fears of these undocumented workers to keep them in abusive conditions that violate basic human rights and labor rights. Regardless of someone legal status, no one deserves to work in unsafe filthy conditions. I do agree with the changes that the HRW put forth. I have to agree that the illegal and some legal immigrant population are unfairly taken advantage of. The meat and poultry industry has the duty to protect and provide a safe working environment for their workers and also provide for damages or injury in the event of it happening regardless of legal status. Most of the nation's 17. 7 million immigrant workers toil, like those who preceded them, in jobs that native-born Americans refuse to do. They work as meatpackers, hotel maids, hamburger flippers, waiters, gardeners, seamstresses, fruit and vegetable pickers, and construction hands. John Gay, a lobbyist for the American Hotel & Lodging Association, says there are places in this country where we wouldn't survive without immigrants, which is pressing Congress to allow more â€Å"essential workers† into the United States. The trend is to push our own children into college to be rocket scientists or computer programmers. But who is going to do these hard jobs that we have? Who is going to change bedpans in a nursing home? Or change beds in hotels? † Jobs in poultry plants across the South, once held almost exclusively by American blacks, are now dominated by Mexican immigrants. Textile plants run largely on the labors of Hispanic workers. In the Kentucky coal fields, mining companies are considering recruiting miners from the Ukraine. From a Utilitarian perspective, requiring meat packing lines to slow down will increase man hours and reduce productivity. If chain speeds were legislatively mandated to be reduce by 25 %, the same plants which currently lack management commitment to safe foods would continue to produce the same amount of contaminated food as it did prior to the forced reduction. The management would not be inclined to make changes which would cost money if they are losing money because of decreased production due to the reduction of the speed lines. The meat and poultry industry does not promise rose-garden workplaces, nor should it be expected of them. OSHA offered special incentives to meat packers who entered into voluntary agreements with the agency to lessen their ergonomic hazards. While they would still be subject to OSHA inspections, they would not be cited or penalized on ergonomic grounds. From a deontological stance, food safety is compromised when production lines move too quickly for its line workers to properly assess risks. Working in the meat and poultry industry is a difficult job that I stated before most Americans would not do. It is the meat packing companies’ duty to ensure our foods and the workers who process them are as safe as they can be. If speed lines were reduced, health risks to employees will reduced and our meats can be properly assessed thus resulting in less contaminated meats making their way to out grocery stores. In conclusion it is obvious to see that rights and responsibilities were not carried out by the meatpacking industry. They were greed driven business who â€Å"poisoned for profit† as President Roosevelt said. The meatpackers had a right to make their product but did not take the responsibility to do it in a manner that was safe for the workers and the consumer. Thanks to the Human Rights Watch and people like Upton Sinclair and Theodore Roosevelt who was sickened after reading an advance copy of Sinclair’s book called upon congress to pass a law that established the Food and Drug Administration. The meat industry today takes the responsibility in making working conditions safer and producing meat safer for the consumer. References Blackwell, Jon. 1906: Rumble over ‘The Jungle’, retrieved 15 Jun 2011 from: http://www.capitalcentury.com/1906.html Meatpacking in the U.S.: Still a â€Å"Jungle† Out There? (2006), retrieved 15 Jun 2007, from: http://www.pbs.org/now/shows/250/meat-packing.html Parker, Laura, USA just wouldn’t work without immigrant labor, (July 2001), retrieved 15 Jun 2011, from: http://www.usatoday.com/news/washington/july01/2001-07-23-immigrant.htm