What is Peer Pressure - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 2 Words: 711 Downloads: 6 Date added: 2019/05/29 Category Society Essay Level High school Tags: Peer Pressure Essay Did you like this example? Peer Pressure is when one person or more feel forced to do something by a friend or a peer. Peer pressure can be positive or negative but most of the time its negative. An example could be if one kid smokes but their friend isnt into smoking but the pressure their friend into doing it anyways. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "What is Peer Pressure?" essay for you Create order Peer pressure can lead to making numerous bad decisions and even getting in a bad situation. Depending on others are getting people to do it can ruin their lives and what they had going good for themselves. Peer pressure can make a person depressed just by the way they are being treated. Most teens or anyone feel like they are pressured to do something that they really dont want to do but they only want to fit in with the people who they think are cool, or popular, or have a lot of friends. Sometimes people dont know how to make friends so they see what a person does or what they like to do and try and imitate them. Negative peer pressure usually leads to kids doing drugs or stealing or anything that could get them in trouble. Or it may distract them from their school work and cause them to fail. Sometime their attitude changes at home and causes them to act our or be disrespectful to their parents. Most parents have rules in their house where they dont want their child doing anything bad or having bad habits, but once one child is influenced by another child or someone older than them they tend not to care or not listen to what their parents are saying to them. It cause them to want to sneak out, have parties, drink, smoke or do anything that can harm them. Once you start acting or living like someone you want to be you lose your own lifestyle so its like your not yourself anymore. It is like being told that you have to do what someone says or your not cool or you wont have friends, so when kids hear that they try their best to be like everyone but they never even notice how much it is changing them. It can draw them away from their friends and familyrs. Most people ask why do teens accept peer pressure just to fit in. But thatrs all they just want to fit in but if they are being forced then they dont know how to fit in so they are just doing anything to be cool or to get more friends. Like most movies you see now about mean girls the mean girls are usually the ones to pressure other like how they have a small group of friends and the girls just do whatever the leader says like they are made to be servants to the person who is controlling them. Most kids dont know how to say no to peer pressure cause they feel like people are going to start picking on them or not want to be their friend. So most time they dont stop even if they want to they continue to do it so that they have friends and be popular and cool. But most of the popular kids no one even likes because they are mean to others and trying to get them to be like them. Bullying is most common with peer pressure so if one person is with a group of friends and they are all drinking and they offer the kid a drink and they say no they are usually labeled a whimp or a scardy cat so kids are afraid of what others might say them if they say no. Other times if a kid tries to tell a teacher or administrator they are called a snitch for telling on someone then almost everyone around them starts calling them snitch to but only because they were trying to protect there selves. Most parents do teach there kids not to give into peer pressure, but once one kid starts to pick on them it makes them feel as if they need to change so they dont get pick on by that kid. Peer pressure can be bad or good but you never want it to be bad.

Proposal - 1384 Words

The Design and Development of Simulation software to enable Tricia-Mart Boost its Sales By Cyril Ekhasomi Ipogah ST10020223254E Bsc (Hons) Computing Supervised by Mr, Ram Kallapiran East London College Centre Aim In this global recession era and competition among organisations on the increase, the aim of this project is to develop Market Simulation Software-a well established market research tool that will help Tricia-mart boost its sales, increase its market shares, improve its services and win over many customers. With the Simulation software, it is relatively easy to change the features or price point of a product and have the simulation software predict the market share that the product would attain in the†¦show more content†¦Background: Recently, Tricia-Mart opened new branches to its existing ones. The management are keen on improving efficiency and services of the company. There are many ways in which this improvement can be done using simulation software: higher quality and efficiency from capital assets, better management of inventory, higher return on asset, this list is endless. But some of these improvements could be made without simulation, so the real question is ‘Why use simulation instead of another method such as real life experimentation?’ Simulation vs. Real Life Experimentation Costs: Experimenting in real life is costly. It’s not only the capital expenditure of hiring new staff or purchasing new equipment but also the cost of the ramifications of these decisions. For instance, if you fire 3-staff members and then find it difficult to cope with the workload, you may probably lose customers while the only cost with simulation is the software and the man hours to build it. Repeatability: In real life, its difficult repeat the exact circumstances again, so you only get one chance to collect the results and you can’t test different ideas under the exact same circumstances. So how do you know which idea is really the best. With simulation software, you can test the same system again and again with different inputs. Time: If you want to know whether hiring another three sales executives will reduce customer’s waiting listsShow MoreRelatedBusiness Proposal1133 Words   |  5 PagesBusiness proposal A business proposal is perhaps one of the most critical documents you need to learn how to write. It is what spells the difference between success and failure, whether you’re a freelancer or you have a company of your own. In today’s cut-throat business world, entrepreneurs find themselves spending hours upon hours submitting business proposals to potential clients, and not get any results. 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TheRead MoreProject Proposal Template1433 Words   |  6 Pagesreza.sinha@yahoo.com Project Proposal Template Cover Page United Nations Voluntary Fund on Disability Project title:   Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚   Name of implementing agent(s):  Ã‚  Ã‚   Project location:   Ã‚  Ã‚   Proposed starting date:  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚   Project duration: Amount requested from Voluntary Fund (US$): Government inputs:  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚   Implementing agent inputs: Other donor inputs: Brief summary description of the project proposal: Describe problem addressed, proposed solution, expected results, intended beneficiariesRead MoreParts of a Research Proposal2853 Words   |  12 PagesPARTS OF A RESEARCH PROPOSAL Typical parts of a research proposal are: Title (or Cover) Page Abstract Table of Contents Introduction (including Statement of Problem, Purpose of Research, and Significance of Research) Background (including Literature Survey) Description of Proposed Research (including Method or Approach) Description of Relevant Institutional Resources List of References Personnel Budget The Title (or Cover) Page. Most sponsoring agencies specify the format for the title page,Read MoreProposal For The City Of Houston1840 Words   |  8 PagesPurpose: The purpose of my proposal is to propose a plan for the city of Houston to consider becoming a â€Å"No-Kill City† and adopt â€Å"No-Kill† animal control policy in regards to city run and funded animal shelters. Specifically, if the city council would consider the policy or a trial of it, it could be adapted to fit the city financially and effectively with available resources that would save lives and the city itself money. Summary: The purpose of this proposal is to make aware of a large problemRead MoreOutline Of A Proposal Outline3454 Words   |  14 Pagesplans to make alterations to Francis Hall, a newly renovated building on the Texas AM Campus for the Construction Science Department and student. 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Romanticism A Complex Movement Essay Example For Students

Romanticism A Complex Movement Essay Art is a vast and subjective term that has been haunting this world since the beginning of times. As much as people try to bring sense and some kind of order into it, just like they usually do with all parts of their lives, it does not always work. The whole reason of this paper is to try to understand better why exactly this variety of different and multilateral artist of this era that created their leading legacy for the future generations were actually put together and labelled â€Å"Romantics†- a term that was not even related to being a romantic, and how it evolved in various fields of art. According to William Gairdner in â€Å"Jean-Jaques Rousseau and the romantic roots of Modern Democracy (1999), he mentions that this name (Romanticism) was derived from Latin, and originally defined a horror story with mystical and macabre themes. He also mentions that Rousseau himself was actually the â€Å"prototypical French Romantic†. As Kathryn CalleyGalitz (Department of European Paintings, The Metropolitan Museum of Art) wrote, there is no precise point of when exactly this movement began taking over the world, but it is somewhere in the end of the 1700, the beginning of the 1800. The development was different regarding place, time and art form, but there was always a tight correlation between them. According to Cox, Jeffrey N. â€Å"Romantic Drama and the French Revolution. †(1990), it was the beginning of a new, modern world, as the collective mindset of people was desperate for change. The French revolution has set the perfect background for the development of romanticism, the grasp for freedom and modernization that was starting to emerge in the heads of so many people, from poets and philosophers to the very ordinary people became one of its’ triggers. This era is marked by a dramatic differentiation of the fields of art that though had a parallel development and an immense impact on each other. The monarchy as an idea was failing, as more and more people became aware of the notions of freedom and equality, and this as well became a huge inspiration for artists, writers and sculptors, the fight against tyranny, especially among the French ones, Eugene Delacroix, Francois Rudeand Jean Jacque Rousseau. Background Even though the native places of romanticism are considered England and Germany, the French(1789) and American(1776) revolutions played a very important, if not a key role in the birth of this movement. The liberation from the strict rules imposed by Neoclassicism, the so-calledâ€Å"age of reason†, was as well a strong impulse and a cause of revolution in the arts, as well as on the social field. As Percy Shelley said in one of his letters to Lord Byron in 1816, â€Å"the master theme of the epoch in which we live†, and by that expressing the opinion that not only the revolution meant the struggle to freedom, it became a perfect theme for covering in poetry, paintings and sculptures. Influences As it is of common knowledge, the Romantic Movement is based on a variety of previous ones, evoking the best and the most attractive sides of each of them. The Gothic, the Greek revival, the Renaissance and the Neo Baroque became a stabile pillars for building up the one and only Romanticism. Philosophy The philosophers of this period will become the ones that will influence and express the The main philosophical ideas that were evoked during this era are the human nature, its’ values and depth that need to be discovered and exploited. Again, Jean- Jacques Rousseau, along with Friedrich Nietzsche, Kant and Marx had key roles in the development of these ideas. Jean- Jacques Rousseau wrote in 1762 that â€Å"Man was born free, and he is everywhere in chains†, this idea was important to him along all his life, and he truly believed that a person’s essence is in his emotions, and he has to act according to them. The romantic period has given enough freedom for exploring the depths of human nature and psychology, introducing the â€Å"intuition over reason†, so unfortunately rejected by the strictness of Neoclassicism. Music As written by Robert Sherrane, â€Å"Music History 102: a Guide to Western Composers and their music†, romanticism must have been the most important and grand period in classical music. This is the time of Beethoven, Chopin, Verdi and many others, that have brought the sense of emotion and feeling into music. According to Robert Sherrane, they have built a base for the creation of music that is until now a starting point for composers and songwriters. Musicians turned to emotion, finding inspiration in poetry, literature and paintings. Literature: Harlem Renaissance and New Negro EssayIt represented the spirit of the french revolution, evoking a scene where the volunteers were marching to protect the borders of the country, with the godess of war, Bellona(again evoking the Greek mithological themes), over them. Francoi Rude „La Marseillaise† The second representant is Barye Antoine- Luis, who along with Eugene Delacroix, according to some rumours, spend numerous hours schetchiing animal figures and making them close to perfection. And as Delacroix said †I wish I could put a twist in a tiger’s tail like that man†. Barye Antoine- Luis â€Å"The Lion crushing the Serpent† Architecture According to Allison Lee Palmer, â€Å"Historical Dictionaries of Literature and the Arts†(2008), in architecture as well the abundance and variety of themes and stiles prevaled and magnified the specific themes used in it. The ancient Egiptian Style was used beside the Greek, the Renaissance with a twist of the Gothic, there are new twists and curves that create magnificent new architectural dinasty that mostly was created according to the desires and ideas of their owners. James Wyatt „Fonthill Abbey†(considered to be the best evocation of the Gothic style in the Romantic period) Influence on future generations According to† A Guide to the Study of Literature: A Companion Text for Core Studies 6, Landmarks of Literature†(2009), the romanticism has been the inspiration for two different and some would say opposite movements, that were not connected to each other in any way, Symbolism and Realism. Symbolist artists In realisms’ case, the painters went against the Romantic Movement, rejecting its’ principles and ideas. The concept that stood at the core of the romantic mentality is breaking the rules, bending the normal and going against the current, which spread through time and space, causing people, not only artists to evolve, to question things and emotions. This was the mark of that period; the idea that created a new generation of artists that started their own revolution, the one that was a major step towards the world that we live in today. As a conclusion, I have to say that romanticism has started the creation of a new world, started building up a new mentality for those who did not dare to think before. The timing for it was actually perfect, as the world itself the way people knew it started to fade, and instead, on the ashes of a forgotten life was build a brand new world, a new kind of people that dare to go against the rules and break stereotypes. In my opinion, they were the ones that triggered the building of today’s society, and even if is not perfect, it wouldn’t have been the same without the â€Å"Romantics†. Bibliography: 1. Galitz, Kathryn Calley. (2000)Romanticism. In Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art,. Academic search complete . Available at: http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/roma/hd_roma.htm (Accessed: 29 October 2014) 2. Kathryn VanSpanckeren,(2004). The Romantic Period, 1820-1860: Fiction. Academic search complete. Available at: http://iipdigital.usembassy.gov/st/english/publication/2008/05/20080516124158eaifas0.4010736.html (Accessed: 3 november 2014) 3. Palmer, Allison Lee. (2008) â€Å"Historical Dictionaries of Literature and the Arts†. Academic search complete. Available at: http://architecture_history.enacademic.com/255/ROMANTIC_ARCHITECTURE (Accessed: 29 October 2014) 4. Sherane,Robert.(2009). â€Å"Music History 102: a Guide to western Composers and their music†. Academic research complete . Available at: http://www.ipl.org/div/mushist/rom/(Accessed: 29 October 2014). 5. Rahn, Josh.(2011), â€Å"Romanticism†. Academic research complete . Available at: http://www.online-literature.com/periods/romanticism.php(Accessed: 29 October 2014) 6. Introduction to Romanticism.† Adapted from A Guide to the Study of Literature: A Companion 7. Text for Core Studies 6, Landmarks of Literature. 23 Sept. 2001. 6 Jul. 2007. Academis research complete . Available at: http://academic.brooklyn.cuny.edu/english/melani/cs6/rom.html (Accessed: 29 October 2014). 8. Gairdner, William. (1999).† Jean-Jacques Rousseau and the Romantic Roots of Modern Democracy†. Academic research complete . Available at: http://www.nhinet.org/humsub/gaird12-1.pdf(Accessed:30 October 2014). 9. Cox, Jeffrey N. â€Å"Romantic Drama and the French Revolution.†Ã‚  Revolution and English Romanticism.  Keith Hanley  Ã‚  and Raman Selden, Eds. New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1990. 10. The Independent(2006). Fuseli, Henry:the Nightmare(1781). Available at: http://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/art/great-works/fuseli-henry-the-nightmare-1781-797997.html (Accessed: 30 October 2014). The Pictures: 11. Studyblue(2012). â€Å"Fonthill Abbey†. Available at: https://www.studyblue.com/notes/note/n/midterm/deck/201319 (Accessed: 4 november 2014) 12. Burnaway(2008). â€Å"The Louvre and the masterpiece at thehigh museum†. Available at: http://burnaway.org/the-louvre-and-the-masterpiece-at-the-high-museum/ (Accessed: 4 november 2014). 13. Nella Buscot(2013). â€Å"Biographie- Francois Rude†. Available at: http://burnaway.org/the-louvre-and-the-masterpiece-at-the-high-museum/ (Accessed: 4 november 2014). 14. The Guardian(2011). â€Å"Politics Blog†. Available at: http://www.theguardian.com/world/blog/2011/oct/20/protesters-world-beware-remember-liberty (Accessed: 4 november 2014) 15. Smart Histroy(2006). â€Å"Henry Fuseli’s The Nightmare†. Available at: http://smarthistory.khanacademy.org/henry-fuseli-the-nightmare-1781.html (Accessed: 4 november 2014).

Soap Ingredients Essays - Soaps, Olive Oil, Castile Soap

Soap Ingredients LAB Purpose: To make a basic soap and a soap with other than basic ingredients using Lye, Olive Oil and Oatmeal and to learn about the history of soap and how the process of saponification works. Procedure: A. Basic Olive oil soap Materials a. 1- 2 liter beaker b. 1- 100 ml beaker c. 2 thermometers d. 1 container with lid e. 1 balance f. 1 graduated cylinder g. 2 spoons h. 1 stainless steel bowl i. 1 heating plate 1. Put on safety goggles 2. Person A: Fill a container to cool the NaOH solution with cold water and make sure someone comes in before and after school for the next 4 or 5 days 3. Person B: Clean working area, cover immediate work area with newspaper, get plastic container that will hold soap and mark with tape on base of container. 4. Person C: put on latex gloves a. Weigh 100g (3.5 oz.) of NaOH and put it in the 2 liter beaker. b. Measure 283.5 ml (10 oz.) of cold water. c. Slowly add water to NaOH and stir with a spoon to dissolve NaOH. Place thermometer in the solution and place the beaker in the cooling container. d. Stir NaOH and cool to 38 degrees Celcius and keep this temperature constant until person D is at 38 degrees with the oil mixture. Use heating plate or cooling container as necessary. e. Slowly add NaOH to the oil mixture while stirring constantly. f. Stir for 15 minutes. g. Pour into soap container and put lid on. 5.Person D a. Measure 643 ml (13 oz.) of Olive oil and 175 ml of Blended oil. Add both to the stainless steel mixing bowl and put a thermometer in it. b. Heat oil to 38 degrees Celcius. c. Once at 38 degrees, talk to person C and keep temperature constant 6. After a few days remove lid and air dry When soap has dried put it on paper, cut into 8 pieces and dry for a few more days. B. Oatmeal soap Materials a. 1 muffin container and a piece of tape b. heating plate c. balance d. oatmeal e. grater f. graduated cylinder 1. Person A: Get a muffin container and label it. 2. Person B: Weigh out 100g of oatmeal. Grind oats in blender until 1/5 original size. When oil and water mixture has become clear, add and mix in oatmeal. 3. Person C: Grate 340 g (12 oz.) of the soap into the metal bowl. 4. Person D: Get a heating plate, measure and add 225 ml (9 oz.) of water to grated soap. Heat on low and stir until soap has dissolved to clear, take ot off the heat and add Person B's oatmeal. 5. Person A: Pour the mixture into a muffin container. Place container in freezer. After drying for a few days, pop out and let dry. Results: A. Olive oil Soap The Olive oil soap turned out quite well. The only thing that was unexpected was the awkward, and bumpy shape of the soap . But this is because of the container it was made in. Other than this, the Olive oil soap moisturizes much better and is much gentler than commercial brands. B. Oatmeal Soap Just as the Olive oil soap turned out great, the Oatmeal soap turned out even better. The only drawback is that the oatmeal flakes weren't ground up enough. This is not very attractive but it doesn't really do anything to the soap's performance. Conclusion: A. Olive oil Soap This was a farely error free procedure. One of the problems was getting the oil and the NaOH to match up exactly degrees Celcius. This could be avoided in the future by using identical hot plates and heating each liquid slowly paying very close attention to it. One minor problem was that the top of the soap was uneven after stirring it and it dryed that way. This could be fixed simply by smoothing it out after stirring. Another problem that occurred was the white, hard crust that formed. The white crust could possibly be avoided by mixing more often and mixing right up until the soap hardens. B. Oatmeal Soap The only problem that we encountered with the oatmeal soap was that the flakes were too big. To avoid this in the future it would be good to have a more sophisticated grinder and grind the flakes for a longer duration of time. References: 1. Hiscox, Gardner D.

Science Fact or Fiction essays

Science Fact or Fiction essays The late 19th and 20th centuries have seen advances in technology and scientific understanding the likes of which have not been seen before in such a short amount of time in known Human history. In the last hundred and fifty years science has advanced so much that one would barely recognize the lifestyle of Humans before all these technological wonders. In fact, if the scientists and thinkers of pre-industrial society had had a glimpse of the technology available to the average early 21st century man they would probably surely think some sort of sorcery was involved and would not believe for one moment that all these technological innovations were based on concepts of the governing laws of the universe that have applied all through mankind's history. In fact, modern science looks pretty solid when one examines all of its wondrous creations and the fact that new ones keep coming out daily. For instance, it would appear that modern science has correctly solved the understanding of conc epts and principles which govern how electricity flows in a circuit. After all, computers, hair dryers, TV's and other such electronic devices use this scientific understanding to function properly and in turn most people use such devices every day, thus is this science proven every time such a device is used successfully? It is easy to classify such scientific understanding as fact when devices built upon the science work and work very dependably at that. However is this science fact as would appear, or is merely conjecture based upon an observable phenomenon? Perhaps something entirely different happens when we throw the switch on a light bulb and it illuminates than what science says happens. Even though the light bulb lights up every time, that does not necessarily mean that the scientific understanding of how the light bulb works is true. Take for instance the scientific principles of projectile motion. In a simplified form, current physics explains...

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Political Ideologies Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Political Ideologies - Essay Example The purpose of communism is to have common ownership of properties. The government regulates access to labor and its produce on to what is satisfactorily needed by each individual in the society. There are different kinds and forms of communism developed by several philosophers such as Karl Marx and Vladimir Lenin. But we shall focus on the economic reforms that both Libertarianism and Communism wish to offer. Communism believes that the working class is the solution, and that giving more power to the working class, dissolving any division in the society and avoiding any possible exploitation from the capitalist class can eliminate a division in society. This is why the government chooses to regulate the economy, and abolishes private ownership. Communism sees capitalism as a mere exploitation of the working class. Rousseau's (1978) origin story of the bourgeois political order holds that the ideology of communism, evolves through a pledge by the citizenry, a social pact to establish equality among each other, that they will place themselves under the same conditions and enjoy the same rights (p. 76). Libertarianism and Communism are two opposite ideology, put it simply, the first gives importance and the sanctity of an individual’s freedom, separate from any control by society. It is the free will and independence of man and his own volition that controls his fate. On the other hand, the Communist is ruled by the society, as a working class, co-equal in everything without any other class or division. It is unity between every man, without having one man better than the other. This â€Å"one† society regulates and controls each other, making sure that no one man exploits another. The Libertarian wishes every man to love â€Å"live his life in any way he chooses so long as he respects the equal rights of others" (Boaz, p. 2). The Communist ideology on the other hand abolishes the idea of â€Å"private property† and follows common ownership. A man is viewed as one with society. It is the society and the community that holds property in order to prevent any division in society, of having one person higher or richer than the other. Economically, a very good example of this ideology of libertarianism is economic freedom through the doctrine of laissez faire, in which free enterprise between businesses is upheld without government intervention. The opposite of this would be the ideology imposed by Communism, in which the government takes economic control, to avoid the business owners or so called capitalists to exploit its working class. The defect of Communism lies on the very existence of every individual, the component of free will. In order to attain equality and fairness, the Communist removes every chance for an individual to work better for his own accomplishments. He is not allowed to go beyond his means or ability in order to have a better and improved life. The control of the mean and resources infringes the righ t of each individual to be rich and successful by his own work and self-motivation. There is hindrance to self-actualization and self-fulfillment. In a country like the United States of America, were all, if not every nationality is part of its citizenry, libertarianism is more appropriate. A free enterprise

Interview of Michaelangelo and Leonardo da Vinci Essay

Interview of Michaelangelo and Leonardo da Vinci - Essay Example The following interview functions as an effort of gaining a greater perspective on these thoughts and perspectives. Leonardo: After my birth my father took primary custody over me. Still, I remained in contact with my mother. Both of my parents continued to have children after they separated and I ended up with the unique situation of having a total of 17 half sisters and brothers. During my youth growing up with my father I think greatly contributed to my later development. He always had scholarly texts around that I was able to read. You’ll remember that during this period the Internet wasn’t readily available so having access to this information was quite a privilege. Additionally, there were many members of my family that were painters, so I sort of fell into painting from that point (‘MOS’). Michelangelo: After I was born my mother became sick. I was immediately given to a wet nurse from a family of stonecutters. I know it sounds crazy, but I always felt that early influence contributed to my later intellectual disposition. Unfortunately my mother would die when I was very young. Indeed, I sort of had a depressing childhood and became very introspective, focusing on art. I soon developed a skill in this avenue and my father sent me to Francesco Galeota from Urbino, a masterful instructor (‘Michelangelo’). Leonardo: Well, I was always very confident about my work, but I guess the first time I received really great social recognition for my work was with even with one of my own paintings, but my instructor Andrea del Verrochio. Instructor Verrochio allowed me to paint an angel in his work Baptism of Christ. This work would later come to be recognized as a seminal painting (‘MOS’). Michelangelo: For me it was when I was sixteen years old. At this age I produced the Madonna of the Stairs. This work featured Mary, the mother of God, sitting on a

Info About Dengue Essay Example for Free

Info About Dengue Essay Humans are the major hosts of the dengue virus and Aedes aegypti mosquitoes represent the principal vector .A aegypti is closely associated with human habitation and its larvae are often found in artificial water containers such as discarded tires, buckets and water storage facilities. Dengue is a mosquito borne disease that has recently become a public health concern. The WHO has estimated that 40% of the world’s population is at risk of getting dengue and there are currently 50 million dengue infections worldwide every year. Despite its high economic costs, dengue is often neglected in the face of more severe diseases. It is found in urban and semi-urban areas (WHO, 2002). Fact Sheet: Dengue and Dengue Haemorrhagic Fever. (2002). 2010, from http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs117/en/ Dengue has the threat potential to put large numbers of a country’s most productive population out of work for weeks which makes it an extremely costly disease. In order to stop that, we have these three variables playing a vital role to some extent. Income: Gallup and Sachs (2001) showed that countries with intensive malaria had significantly lower incomes levels (dependant variable) than those without (Gallup Sachs 2001). The period they analysed was 1965 to 1990. Their approach is hence replicated below for the dengue case to parse the effects of dengue on income levels. Awareness: Any vector control policy however needs to be reinforced with an effective community engagement effort. This includes a strategic public education and community involvement program to spread awareness about dengue amongst the population. This awareness about disease could include media advertising, and outreach to community groups, schools and other social organizations. Report of the expert panel on dengue [monograph on the internet]. (2005).). Singapore: Singapore Ministry of Health. Access to Hospitals: The total economic cost of dengue however far exceeds the simple costs of vector control. Direct patient, hospitalization, mortality and morbidity costs, along with opportunity costs of time and productivity losses due to illness also need to be considered.

The Character of Hedda Gabler in Ibsens Hedda Gabler Essay -- Hedda G

The Character of   Hedda Gabler      Ã‚     Hedda Gabler is perhaps one of the most interesting characters in Ibsen.   She has been the object of psychological analysis since her creation.   She is an interesting case indeed, for to "explain" Hedda one must rely on the hints Ibsen gives us from her past and the lines of dialogue that reveal the type of person she is.   The reader never views Hedda directly.   We never get a soliloquy in which she bares her heart and motives to the audience.   Hedda is as indifferent to our analysis as she is to Tesman's excitement over his slippers when she says "I really don't care about it" (Ibsen   8).   But a good psychologist knows that even this indifference is telling.   Underneath the ennui and indifference lies a character rich for psychological investigation:   "The Character of Hedda Gabler remains a product of our speculation.   That is, as we process the surface details we perceive in the various postures she assumes, we hypothesize an idea of the figure underneath the mask." (Lyons   83).   This paper will try to "explain" Hedda with the aid of critical analysis.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The first aspect of the play that strikes the reader is the title.   Before we even read a line of this play we notice the incongruity between the name of the title character and her name in the play.   In the play Hedda is Tesman's wife, but the title suggests that she is the independent daughter of the late General Gabler.   Thus, Ibsen introduces the reader to this complex character before the curtain is drawn.   We immediately ask the question:   why is the title "Hedda Gabler" and not "Hedda Tesman"?   Perhaps Ibsen is suggesting Hedda's independence from her present situation, the situation in which she is introduce... ...wman.   She too is confused about her own identity and appears to be in the grip of forces beyond her understanding and control--social and psychological forces.   Nevertheless, Hedda is an interesting case and Ibsen's play foreshadows many psychological and social concerns of the 20th century.    WORKS   CITED Helland, F.   "Irony and Experience in Hedda Gabler."   Contemporary Approaches to Ibsen.   Ed.   Hemmer and Ystad.   Norway:   Scandinavian UP, 1994.   99-119. Ibsen, Henrik.   Hedda Gabler.   New York:   Dover Publications, 1990. Lyons, C.   Hedda Gabler:   Gender, Role, and World.   MA:   Twayne, 1991. Northam, J.   Ibsen's Dramatic Method: A Study of the Prose Dramas.   London:   Faber and Faber Limited, 1953. Weigland, H.   The Modern Ibsen:   A Reconsideration.   New York:   E.P. Dutton, 1960.                              

Franchising †Fast food Essay

Now a days, fast food is becoming a cheap and yet a popular way for people who are too busy to cook. But the cheap price of the fast food is nothing in comparison to the true price that these people are paying. Every 4 out of 10 adults in the USA will become obese in the next 5 years if they keep eating this food the way they are. Eating fast food like this is causing major health risks. Since this food is so cheap, it makes it convenient for people to go out and get food instead of staying home to cook. In addition, fast food companies are trying to target kids. If the companies get to the kids at a young age, they will get hooked on the food. Because of all this, people need to stop eating fast food before it gets out of hand. This fast food world has spread tremendously around the globe, and obesity has shortly followed. In addition to this it has also brought heart disease, arthritis, diabetes and many other types of illnesses. Fast food isn’t only making people fatter, but its also increasing people’s chances of obtaining type two diabetes. People’s muscles and fat cells that have type two diabetes lose the ability to take in a sugar called glucose from their blood. The glucose builds up and reaches very high levels and because of this they get damage to the eyes, neuropath (loss of feeling), kidney disease and heart disease. Most of the people who have type two diabetes are obese or overweight. A long-term study between the link of fast food, obesity and diabetes were tested. It compared the people who would eat fast food at least twice a week to the people who ate it less than once a week. The results showed that the people who are more fast food gained about 10 pounds more then the people who are it less than once a week over a fifteen-year period. Eating fast food can cause many diseases such as Hypertension, Heart Disease, Cancer, Gall Bladder Disease and E. coli, which is one of the worst forms of food poisoning. E. Coli is spread through undercooked burgers and it is very difficult to cure. 4 % of the people who have this poison develop hemolytic uremic syndrome and close to 5 % of the kids who develop this die. E. Coli is now becoming the major reason for renal failure for American kids. People would rather spend their money on a cheap burger that tastes good compared to a burger that tastes just as good for six times the price. The great thing about fast food is that over these many years their products taste hasn’t changed. â€Å"The whole experience of buying fast food, has become so routine, so thoroughly unexceptional and mundane, that it is now taken for granted, like brushing your teeth or stopping for a red light. † Says Eric Schlosser, author of Fast Food Nation. Millions of people a day are buying fast food because it’s so convenient to get to. Today’s economy is also dropping and because of this going out to buy fast food has become easier to feed people’s families. Instead of a family going out to a restaurant to feed the family for 60 dollars, they can go to a fast food restaurant and spend about one third of that. These fast food restaurants are making a lot of money off this cheap food With the money they make, they spend some of it for advertising to grab people’s attention Since most kids watch TV they are the ones that are affected most by this McDonald’s spends billions of dollars on advertising each year. Most of the kids know Ronald McDonald more than they do their own president. Just about 30% of all children each day eat fast food according to a Harvard study. This is part of the reason why America is the fattest country in the world. According to Alan Green, on average, kids who eat fast food gain an extra 6 pounds in weight each year. â€Å" The numbers, though alarming, are not surprising since billions of dollars are spend each year on fast-food advertising directed at kids, â€Å" said lead author Dr. David Ludwig, director of the obesity program at children’s Hospital Boston. Borzekowski says that most people prefer the branded fries compared to unbranded fries and the same results were found about branded chicken nuggets and non-branded chicken nuggets. â€Å" Its no surprise that branding works,† says Borzekowski. In another test done by Borzekowski, they took two burgers from McDonalds and put one in a non branded wrapper, Borzekowski had the kids try both and astonishingly most kids tasted a difference in the two burgers. The majority of the preferred the McDonalds wrapped burger. McDonalds also finds ways of getting to the kids, because in Seminole County, the kids are rewarded with Happy Meals if the have a nearly perfect attendance or it they do well on their report cards. In fact, Stuart Elliot of the New York Times says that the Florida schools are â€Å"using children’s report cards to help stimulate sales { at McDonalds }. † Kids can get a number of Happy meal choices such as four chicken McNuggets, a Hamburger and small fries or a cheeseburger with apple dippers. These kids are being rewarded with fast food, which is part of the reason that they are becoming obese. The concepts of conformity and organizational homogenization, while repugnant in a democratic society, can actually aid big businesses and more specifically franchises in promoting quality assurance and brand loyalty. Large corporations, such as McDonald’s, are able to maintain stability and control by removing any factors that may create unfamiliarity for their customers. The goal of McDonald’s is to create a fast food empire founded on conformity to ensure a common experience. For example, everything from the menu, to the restaurant facade, to the golden arch flag waving proudly beside our American flag, demonstrates their efforts to create a sense of comfort through familiarity. McDonald’s target market expects the same service, experience, and product whenever they enter a franchise location. Large corporations recognize the power of consistency and the importance of conformity within their ranks. When Ray Kroc says, â€Å"We have found out [†¦ ] that we cannot trust some people who are nonconformists. [†¦ ] The organization cannot trust the individual; the individual must trust the organization†, Kroc was trying to emphasize the importance of conformity and need for trust in the organization’s goals. Kroc had created a successful formula and needed his employees to share his vision. The American fast food industry has made a significant impression on our social and economic landscape. The concept of â€Å"flipping burgers† has become synonymous with entry level employment for teens and other unskilled laborers. The industry employs hundreds of thousands of people at all levels. The industry also occupies a prominent place in our popular culture. From commercials on television, to the ads on the side of the bus, to the billboard on the side of highway 95, the fast food industry has made itself a visible force in the American economy and pop culture. The fast food industry’s size also allows it to play a significant role in our political system. Companies such as McDonald’s have a keen interest in labor, tax and trade policy. While Ray Kroc’s vision of conformity and trust in the collective over the individual contradicts our concept of a free society, it is essential to the success of a company using the franchise business model. Consistency and organizational trust are the keys to ensuring customer familiarity and brand loyalty.

Concepts Answers

What is database? Q & Answers A database is a logically coherent collection of data with some inherent meaning, representing some aspect of real world and which is designed, built and populated with data for a specific purpose. 2. What is DBMS? It is a collection of programs that enables user to create and maintain a database. In other words it is general-purpose software that provides the users with the processes of defining, constructing and manipulating the database for various applications. 3. What is a Database system?The database and DBMS software together is called as Database system. 4. Advantages of DBMS? Redundancy is controlled. Unauthorised access is restricted. Providing multiple user interfaces. Enforcing integrity constraints. Providing backup and recovery. 5. Disadvantage in File Processing System? Data redundancy & inconsistency. Difficult in accessing data. Data isolation. Data integrity. Concurrent access is not possible. Security Problems. 6. Describe the three le vels of data abstraction? The are three levels of abstraction: Physical level: The lowest level of abstraction describes how data are stored.Logical level: The next higher level of abstraction, describes what data are stored in database nd what relationship among those data. View level: The highest level of abstraction describes only part of entire database. 7. Define the â€Å"integrity rules† There are two Integrity rules. Entity Integrity: States that â€Å"Primary key cannot have NULL value† Referential Integrity: States that â€Å"Foreign Key can be either a NULL value or should be Primary Key value of other relation. 8. What is extension and intension? Extension – It is the number ot tuples present in a table at any instance.This is time dependent. Intension – It is a constant value that gives the name, structure of table and the constraints laid n it. 9. What is System R? What are its two major subsystems? System R was designed and developed over a period of 1974-79 at IBM San Jose Research Center. It is a prototype and its purpose was to demonstrate that it is possible to build a Relational System that can be used in a real life environment to solve real life problems, with performance at least comparable to that of existing system. Its two subsystems are Research Storage System Relational Data System. 0. How is the data structure of System R different from the relational structure? Unlike Relational systems in System R Domains are not supported Enforcement of candidate key uniqueness is optional Enforcement of entity integrity is optional Referential integrity is not enforced 11. What is Data Independence? Data independence means that â€Å"the application is independent of the storage structure and access strategy of data†. In other words, The ability to modify the schema definition in one level should not affect the schema definition in the next higher level.Two types of Data Independence: Physical Data Independen ce: Modification in physical level should not affect the logical level. Logical Data Independence: Modification in logical level should affect the view level. NOTE: Logical Data Independence is more difficult to achieve 12. What is a view? How it is related to data independence? A view may be thought of as a virtual table, that is, a table that does not really exist in its own right but is instead derived from one or more underlying base table. In other words, there is no stored file that direct represents the view instead a definition of view is stored in data dictionary.Growth and restructuring of base tables is not reflected in views. Thus the view can insulate users from the effects of restructuring and growth in the database. Hence accounts for logical data independence. 3. What is Data Model? A collection of conceptual tools for describing data, data relationships data semantic cs and constraints. 14. What is E-R model? This data model is based on real world that consists of b asic objects called entities and of relationship among these objects. Entities are described in a database by a set ot attributes. 15. What is Object Oriented model? This model is based on collection of objects.An object contains values stored in instance variables with in the object. An object also contains bodies of code that operate on the object. These bodies of code are called methods. Objects that contain ame types of values and the same methods are grouped together into classes. 16. What is an Entity? It is a ‘thing' in the real world with an independent existence. 17. What is an Entity type? It is a collection (set) of entities that have same attributes. 18. What is an Entity set? It is a collection of all entities of particular entity type in the database. 19. What is an Extension of entity type?The collections of entities of a particular entity type are grouped together into an entity set. 20. What is Weak Entity set? An entity set may not have sufficient attributes to form a primary key, and its primary ey compromises of its partial key and primary key of its parent entity, then it is said to be Weak Entity set. 21 . What is an attribute? It is a particular property, which describes the entity. 22. What is a Relation Schema and a Relation? A relation Schema denoted by R(AI, A2, †¦ , An) is made up of the relation name R and the list of attributes Ai that it contains. A relation is defined as a set of tuples.Let r be the relation which contains set tuples (tl, t2, t3, tn). Each tuple is an ordered list of n-values t=(v1,v2, vn). 23. What is degree of a Relation? It is the number of attribute of its relation schema. 24. What is Relationship? It is an association among two or more entities. 25. What is Relationship set? The collection (or set) of similar relationships. 26. What is Relationship type? Relationship type detlnes a set ot associations or a relationship set among a given set of entity types. 27. What is degree of Relationship type ? It is the number of entity type participating. Concepts Answers Marginal revenue is the additional revenue that a firm obtains by selling one more unit. Marginal cost is the cost of hiring one more unit of labor or the cost of producing one more unit of output. Marginal revenue product is the additional revenue we obtain by hiring one more unit of labor. When we incur a marginal cost our hope it that is will generate marginal revenue product which exceeds the cost. Hence the marginal revenue will exceed our marginal cost. 4. Distinguish between economic and financial capital.Economic capital resources include all items that man manufactures by combining natural and unman resources like buildings, equipment, roads, and bridges. Financial capital is a dollar value claim on economic capital. Financial capital would include cash, deeds of trust, mortgages, loan papers, stocks, and bonds. 5. Discuss the value of the entrepreneur. What distinguishes the entrepreneur from the labor resource? Why are entrepreneurs unique? Entrepreneurial resources consis t of the ideas of individuals, who assume risk and begin business enterprises.The entrepreneur combines natural, human, and capital resources to produce a good or service that we value more than the individual components. Without the entrepreneur, the other resources would not normally be combined, except for subsistence (I . E. , the resources that are just sufficient to sustain life). The entrepreneur seeks to make a profit when using his ideas. When we look at overall payments, the mental talents of people in the form of the entrepreneur normally exceed the wages that are paid for labor. The owner of a professional sports team, the entrepreneur, will normally make more than any player on that team.Of course, the more brilliant the idea and its ultimate appeal to the buyer of the good or service, he more profit that will accrue to the entrepreneur. 6. What is opportunity cost? An opportunity cost is the highest value that is surrendered when a decision is made; it is never the dec ision, which is made. It is a quantifiable term. 7. What makes up gross income? All of the money received from all sources during the year. This includes wages, tips, interest earned on savings and bonds, income from rental property, profits to entrepreneurs, and any other source of income an individual may have. 8.Compare progressive, regressive, and proportional taxes. Give at least one example of each type of ax. Progressive taxes are taxes that take a larger percentage of your income as your income increases. Regressive taxes are taxes that take a higher percentage of your income as your income decreases. Proportional taxes are taxes where the percentage paid stays the same, regardless of income. Examples include progressive income taxes, regressive sales taxes, and proportional property taxes. 9. What is the law of supply? The law of supply states that as the payment or price of an item increases, coteries Paramus, we will supply more of that item. 0. What is a supply table? Ho w do you obtain supply curve from a supply table? A supply table is a listing of the quantities of some variable, which will be supplied at various prices in the market place. The supply curve is obtained by horizontally summing the quantities supplied by different suppliers at each price in the market. 11. What is the law of demand? The Law of Demand states that if all other factors are constant, as the price for an item decreases, people will demand more of that item, coteries Paramus. 12. Explain the concept of a surplus of money versus a shortage of money.When the supply of money saved exceeds the demand for money, here is a surplus of money; then institutions (banks, credit unions, savings and loans, etc. ) will pay less for savings, and interest rates will begin to fall. When the demand for money exceeds the supply, there is a shortage of money and interest rates will be bid up in the market as institutions attempt to obtain more money. 13. What is the Federal Reserve? What ar e the Feud's three tools for controlling the money supply? The Federal Reserve is the Central Bank of the United States.The three tools for controlling the money supply are the discount rate, the reserve requirements ratio, and federal open market operations. 4. What is risk? What is the difference between systematic and unsystematic risk? Risk involves the probability that the actual return on an investment will be different from the desired return. Systematic risk is that risk which is associated with economic, political, and sociological changes that affect all participants on a near equal basis. Unsystematic risk is that risk that is unique to an individual, firm, or industry. EXERCISES AND PROBLEMS 1.Carry Yogi's Lounge consists of the following. Carry, the owner believed that people would come to hear a band play on Friday, Saturday, and Sunday evening. During the remainder of the week, she believed her customers would watch sporting events on several television sets located t hroughout the lounge. Carry employed two bartenders, three servers, two assistant servers, two cooks, one dishwasher and a clean-up person. She had a bar, 15 barstools, 4 tables, 40 chairs, 4 television Sets, and one satellite dish. She had an oven, stove, grill, refrigerator, sinks, dishes, and glassware.Carry started this business with $50,000 of her own money, and she borrowed $1 50,000 from the bank. From this description, list each of the scarce resources that are used in Carry Yogi's Lounge. Entrepreneurial resource: Carry Yoke. Labor resources: 2 bartenders, 3 servers, 2 assistant servers, 2 cooks, 1 dishwasher, and a clean-up person. Economic capital resources: 1 bar, 15 bar stools, 4 tables, 40 chairs, 4 television sets, one satellite dish, oven, stove, grill, refrigerator, sinks, dishes, and glassware. Financial capital resources: $50,000 of her own money and $1 50,000 from the bank. . Joe Fixity has an appliance repair business. He has more business than he can handle and wants to hire another repair person. Joe estimates that three appliances can be repaired each hour by a qualified person. Joe bills out labor at $45 per hour, but he stipulates that the minimum charge for appliance repair estimates is $30 plus parts. What is the marginal revenue product of a qualified repair person? 3 appliance repairs per hour times $30 = $90 marginal revenue product. What is the maximum hourly wage that he would pay an employee?Therefore, since we bring in an additional $90 per hour by hiring one more repair person, the maximum wage we would pay is $90. 3. Sam Smith is currently employed as a mechanical engineer and is paid $65,000 per year plus benefits that are equal to 30% of his salary. Sam wants to begin a consulting rim and decides to leave his current job. After his first year in business, Cam's accountant informed him that he had made $45,000 with his consulting business. Sam also notices that he paid $6,000 for a health insurance policy, which was his to tal benefit during his first year.What was Cam's opportunity cost? Sam gave up $65,000 in salary plus $19,500 in benefits roar total of $84,500. 4. Sara Lee just graduated from college with a degree in accounting. She had five job offers: Bean counters CPA, $35,000; Assets R us, $27,000; The Debit store, $30,000; J & G's Spa's, $33,000; and The Double Entry Shop, $40,000. What was her opportunity cost if she accepted the job with The Double Entry Shop? Sara gave up Bean counters CPA at $35,000 which was the highest value surrendered. 5. Sam Club earned $50,000 and paid taxes of $10,000.Samaritan Heart earned $60,000 and paid taxes of $12,000. If these taxes were paid to the same government agency, is the tax on income progressive, regressive, or proportional? Why did you reach this conclusion? As show below these taxes are proportional because they both paid the same percentage of their income in taxes. 6. You read an article in this mornings paper that stated inflation was accelera ting and would reach six percent this year. If the FED believes this statement and it has set a goal of three percent inflation, what will it likely do at the next meeting of the Federal Open Market Committee?They would most likely raise the discount rate, the federal funds rate, or both. They could also sell more government securities to decrease the money supply. 7. A friend came into your office and said that his bank was out to kill small businesses. You asked him what he meant by this remark, and he said that he read an article that said his bank had just loaned $10 million to a major automobile manufacturer at a rate of 3 percent, which is less than prime. But your friend just borrowed $50,000 from the same bank and they charged him prime plus four percent, or 7. Percent. Your friend has been in business for two years, and last year he had a loss of $2,000. How can you explain this difference in interest rate to your friend? The bank charges interest based upon risk The probab ility of the automobile manufacturer defaulting on the loan is very remote; therefore, they get a favorable interest rate from the bank. Since your friend lost money last year and since over 40 percent of all mall businesses fail in the first five years, the bank's risk is much higher and therefore they will charge a higher interest rate.

ENG 105 vacation paper

ENG 105 vacation paper ENG 105 vacation paper Trifecta Vacations are supposed to be a time of joy. A chance to create memories and spend time with family and friends. However, there are certain times when the universe has other plans. That is when vacations become memorable for far worse reasons. Our family vacation to OCrolla, North Carolina in August 2011 was exactly that. What started out a a fantastic relaxing vacation quickly became a family nightmare. In a mere six days we weathered a deadly tornado, a freak earthquake, and a record breaking hurricane. Our family vacation that Saturday afternoon started like any other. As we began our trip south the blue skies and warm weather assured us that we were going to have a fantastic trip. However, it was not long before we got a taste of the chaos that would follow us for the remainder of our trip. A mere two hours into our drive we noticed the skies darkening. What were once bright sapphire blue skies, were quickly becoming a concerning gray with streaks of nearly black skies. W ithin minutes the rain started. The roads quickly became makeshift rivers from the excessive rain that had nowhere else to go. The wind howled and shook us in our cars like we were in cardboard boxes. We did our best to stay calm but with each passing minute the anxiety heightened and we quickly realized that this was not an ordinary passing thunderstorm. Frozen from panic we had no choice but to stop driving and hope for the best. We took shelter in the parking lot of a local grocery store and decided to wait out the storm. Sirens howled as the worst of the storm hit us head on. Trees were blowing so hard they were nearly bent in half. You couldn’t see more than 10 feet in front of you. As quickly as it came; it left. Within minutes the skies lightened and quickly cleared all together. The rain, puddled on the road, dissipated, and once again you could see the road in front of you. We later learned that an F2 tornado hit a town less than 2 miles from the parking lot where we decided to take shelter. As we all took a deep breath and regained our composure we decided it was safe enough to continue our drive, all the while giving thanks that we made it out of the tornado unscathed. On the second day of our vacation just as we were starting o relax and put the nightmare of our drive down behind us, we began our day like any other. We prepared

Learn About the Distant Dwarf Planet Pluto

Learn About the Distant Dwarf Planet Pluto Of all the planets in the solar system, the tiny dwarf planet Pluto captures peoples attention like no other. For one thing, it was discovered in 1930 by astronomer Clyde Tombaugh. Most planets most planets were found much earlier. For another, its so distant no one knew much about it. That was true until 2015 when the New Horizons spacecraft flew by and gave gorgeous close-up images of it. However, the biggest reason Pluto is on peoples minds is for a much simpler reason: in 2006, a small group of astronomers (most of them not planetary scientists), decided to demote Pluto from being a planet. That started a huge controversy that continues to this day.   Pluto from Earth Pluto is so far away that we cant see it with the naked eye. Most desktop planetarium programs and digital apps can show observers where Pluto is, but anyone wishing to see it needs a pretty good telescope. The Hubble Space Telescope, which orbits Earth, has been able to observe it, but the great distance didnt allow a highly detailed image.   Pluto lies in a region of the solar system called the Kuiper Belt. It contains more dwarf planets, plus a collection of cometary nuclei. Planetary astronomers sometimes refer to this area as the third regime of the solar system, more distant than the terrestrial and gas giant planets.   Pluto by the Numbers As a dwarf planet, Pluto is obviously a small world. It measures 7,232 km around at its equator, which makes it smaller than Mercury and the Jovian moon Ganymede. Its much larger than its companion world Charon, which is  Ã¢â‚¬â€¹3,792  km  around.   For a long time, people thought Pluto was an ice world, which makes sense since it orbits so far from the Sun in a realm where most gases freeze to ice. Studies made by the New Horizons craft show that there is indeed a lot of ice at Pluto. However, it turns out to much denser than expected, which means it has a rocky component far beneath the icy crust.   Distance lends Pluto a certain amount of mystery since we cant see any of its features from Earth. It lies an average of 6 billion kilometers from the Sun. In reality, Plutos orbit is very elliptical (egg-shaped) and so this little world can be anywhere from 4.4 billion km to just over 7.3 billion km, depending on where it is in its orbit. Since it lies so far away from the Sun, Pluto takes 248 Earth years to make one trip around the Sun.   Pluto on the Surface Once New Horizons got to Pluto, it found a world covered with nitrogen ice in some places, along with some water ice. Some of the surface appears very dark and reddish. This is due to an organic substance that is created when ices are bombarded by ultraviolet light from the Sun. Theres a great deal of fairly young ice deposited on the surface, which comes from inside the planet. Jagged mountain peaks made of water ice rise up above flat plains and some of those mountains are as high as the Rockies.   Pluto Under the Surface So, what causes ice to ooze up from underneath Plutos surface?  Planetary scientists have a good idea that theres something heating the planet deep within the core. This mechanism is what helps pave the surface with fresh ice, and shoves up the mountain ranges. One scientist described Pluto as a giant, cosmic lava lamp. Pluto Above the Surface Like most other planets (except Mercury) Pluto has an atmosphere. Its not a very thick one, but the New Horizons spacecraft could definitely detect it.  Mission data show that the atmosphere, which is mostly nitrogen, is replenished as nitrogen gas escapes from the planet. Theres also evidence that material escaping from Pluto manages to land on Charon and collect around its polar cap. Over time, that material is darkened by solar ultraviolet light, too.   Plutos Family Along with Charon, Pluto sports a retinue of tiny moons called Styx, Nix, Kerberos, and Hydra. Theyre oddly shaped and appear to be captured by Pluto after a gigantic collision in the distant past. In keeping with naming conventions used by astronomers, the moons are named from creatures associated with the god of the underworld, Pluto.  Styx is the river that dead souls  cross to get to Hades. Nix is the Greek goddess of darkness, while Hydra was a many-headed serpent. Kerberos is an alternate spelling for Cerberus, the so-called hound of Hades who guarded the gates to the underworld in mythology. Whats Next for Pluto Exploration? There are no further missions being built to go to Pluto. There are plans on the drawing board for one or more that could go out this distant outpost in the solar systems Kuiper Belt and possibly even land there.

DEALING WITH NORMAL DATA AND ZSCORES Statistics Project

DEALING WITH NORMAL DATA AND ZSCORES - Statistics Project Example The average current test score of the students is 82.06 and varies from the mean by about 9.05. The z-score of the students’ test grades can be calculated using below formula: Table 1 shows the student’s z-scores for their previous and current test grades. The maximum and minimum z-scores for the previous test score are 1.48 and -1.54, respectively. The maximum and minimum z-scores for the current test score are 1.76 and -1.55, respectively. Thus, there is no outlier in both the current and previous test scores as all the z-score values are in between -3 and +3. A total of 9 students’ z-score decreased from the previous test to current test and a total of 9 students’ z-score increased from the previous test to current test. The theoretical normal distribution probability of a z-score below 0.50 is about 0.6915. The number of students whose z-score is below 0.50 in current score is 11. Thus, proportion of the students test scores on the current test only fall below z = .50 is about 0.6111 which is very close to the theoretical normal distribution

The Importance of Workforce Motivation within an Organization Research Paper - 6

The Importance of Workforce Motivation within an Organization - Research Paper Example The performance, productivity, competitive advantage, as well as the corporate social responsibility within a company, is all attributed to excellence in employee motivation. There are varieties of environmental types that are known to influence the ways in which motivation should be done. For Cadbury, it cannot be concluded that there is no motivation that takes place, but the paths utilized may not identify these major areas. These are inclusive of all external factors like economic, legal, technological, and social factors. The internal factors are leadership, structure, culture, processes, design of job, as well as the benefit factors. The personal factors are inclusive of experiences, aspirations, needs etc. The ways in which motivation is created within Kraft may be attributed to the concern driven towards the herein stated areas (Crouse 20). The motivation of organizational employees plays a pivotal role in the determination of success levels. The main goal of managers motivat ing employees is to reduce or completely eradicate employee turnover rates. The availability of inadequate employee motivational factors leads to the increment of employee turnover rates. The turnover rates that are high lead to the exhaustion of the organizational bodies, for instance, managers will tire training workers who end up working for other organizations. The enhancement of organizational competitive advantage is very crucial as enhanced by strategic employee motivation. Competitive advantage is sort via the utilization of competitive outsourcing strategies that are geared towards overcoming a volatile and competitive business environment. The satisfaction of employees acts as a driving force to the increment of their desire to perform activities related to the job. The retention of these employees makes the company go to higher heights, for instance, the Kraft Company that now supersedes the Cadbury Company. The value of the company gains a path for increment via employee satisfaction enhancement. The value is a rationale for the creation of company sustainability in a competitively volatile surrounding regardless of its size or other considerable factors (Crouse 21). Increased company performance is also attributed to the motivation of employees. Kraft has been recently in the overtaking business and has definitely overtaken Cadbury due to its emphasis on employee retention. The more the employees are retained within an organization, the greater the ultimate performance due to long periods of job acquaintances by the employees.

Meeting Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Meeting - Essay Example As the first order of business under delegations/recognition the Spotlight on Excellence was awarded to a Pre-AP English teacher and Coach at Alamo Heights High School. Secondly, Alamo Heights Public Relations Awards were highlighted. Specifically, the Alamo Heights School Foundation and District Communication Office had received three state awards from the Texas School Relations Association. The specifics of those awards were discussed. Individual students’ achievement in state academic and sport competitions were recognized. Alamo Heights High School Student Council was also recognized for achieving the 2011 National Gold Council of Excellence Award from the National Association of Student Councils. The meeting then turned to possible items for action. A new format for elementary report cards were presented and the meeting informed that the new designs will be introduced in Fall 2011. No details were provided. Similarly, a strategic plan update was recorded in the meetings w ith scant information. The only information recorded was that the an update was provided concerning the plans for the â€Å"multiple lines of district communication† (Board Briefs, 2011). Other presentations were recorded similarly. For instance a revised dual language program and lottery procedures were presented without the benefit of any other details.

Influences on American Politics

Influences on American Politics Question 1: What are the two major types of interest groups and examples of each? Which of these types of interest groups tend to be more powerful? Explain your choice. Your response should be at least 200 words in length. You are required to use at least your textbook as source material for your response. All sources used, including the textbook, must be referenced; paraphrased and quoted material must have accompanying citations. Selected Answer: In the United States there two main types of interest groups that actively work to influence public policy. The main differences between the two are how they are organized, funded, and what their main purposes are (Patterson, 2013). Economic groups are the most common, most funded and most influential. They are comprised of businesses, labor unions, professional organizations, and agricultural groups that seek public policy that provides monetary benefits to their members. The funding of economic interest groups comes from the members that willingly contribute money in hopes of receiving political influence and/or profit that only they will benefit from. An example of an economic group would be businesses. Business groups are the most influential of any special interest group and all large businesses lobby the government. Many smaller businesses band together to form associations like the U.S. Chamber of Commerce to promote their interests by seeking tax cuts, regulatory changes, and other pro-business benefits (Patterson, 2013). The second type of special interest group, citizens groups, is comprised of single issue groups that work toward a focused goal that they believe in. They fight for causes instead of economic or material gain and for the good of society as a whole (Patterson, 2013). Though the number of citizens groups as increased sharply over the years, the total number still lags behind that of economic groups. One of the main reasons for this is that citizens groups have not nearly the same access to funds that economic groups do. Citizens groups do not generate profits or fees from their daily activity and their only incentive for membership are ones that everyone can take advantage of, member or not. Because of this, many people take advantage of the benefits but do not pay for them. References Patterson, T. (2013).The American Democracy (11th ed.). New York, NY: McGraw-Hill, Inc. Question 2: How has the news media evolved from the nations founding to what it is today? Discuss the various functions the news media has in American society. How well do you feel the media carries out these functions? Your response should be at least 200 words in length. You are required to use at least your textbook as source material for your response. All sources used, including the textbook, must be referenced; paraphrased and quoted material must have accompanying citations. Selected Answer: The founding fathers felt that a free press was crucial to the health of a successful democracy. That is why they gave us the First Amendment protecting the rights of a free and unrestrained press. Some of our founding fathers were themselves involved with the printing of journalistic newspapers. They understood the importance of keeping the populace informed of the workings of their government. The first press and newspapers were initially closely associated with the days political parties and helped them muster public opinion (Patterson, 2013). This was partly done because without party support and/or subsidization, the newspapers would never have survived; the cost to purchase was prohibitory for the average citizen. The drawback to this was that the newspapers themselves very partisan in the information that they imparted. Eventually, as printing methods improved and the cost decreased newspaper moved away from such partisanship. The height of newspapers power came around 1890-1900; during this time, reporters and editors number one goal was to increase sales of their papers (Patterson, 2013). They did so by sensationalizing the news in order to drive up circulation. This period was termed yellow journalism and thankfully was relatively short-lived by the advent of a new style of reporting: objective journalism. Objective journalism emphasized fair and accurate information and accounts of events. This new approach to reporting was the method that began being taught at newly established journalistic universities and is what still governs the news reporting of todays traditional media. The newest form of media today comes in the form of radio talk shows, cable talk shows, and internet blogs. This type of media has made news more accessible than ever before and has greatly increased the choice viewers have to what they hear. The problem with these outlets, as Patterson points out in The American Democracy, however, is the many address information through a partisan lens. Talk radio is a growing format for political information but is often imparted in a conservative manner, internet blogs lean primarily liberal, and the cable new networks split evenly between the two ideologies. Regardless of the manner in which the information is disseminated, the media performs four basic functions (Patterson, 2013). First, is to act as a signal, alerting and communicating information on breaking events and news developments to the public. Second, is to act as a common carrier of information from political leaders to the general public. Medias third function is as a partisan advocate to influence public response to a particular party, leader, or issue. Lastly, the press acts as a watchdog to the government to expose deceitful and corrupt officials. In my personal opinion, the news media does carry out these functions fairly well. The problem lies in ensuring that, as a citizen, you listen to and pay attention to multiple news outlets in order to get the entire story, not one with a particular ideological bent. As they say There are three sides to every story, his, hers and the truth. References Patterson, T. (2013).The American Democracy (11th ed.). New York, NY: McGraw-Hill, Inc. Question 3: Discuss how the news audience has changed from the 1970s until now. Do you feel that Americans can still find unbiased news anywhere today? Why or why not? Your response should be at least 200 words in length. You are required to use at least your textbook as source material for your response. All sources used, including the textbook, must be referenced; paraphrased and quoted material must have accompanying citations. Selected Answer: News audiences have changed considerably since the 1970s. Though there is more diversity than ever, cable television and the internet now reign supreme for news information in the lives of the average American, while the daily newspapers and traditional broadcasters are losing audiences by the droves (Patterson, 2013) These new forms of media behave quite differently than the media of the baby-boomers and their parents. News was received in regulated segments, in the morning through your newspaper and then in the evening by the network news. It was all relatively similar as well, owning to the fact that they both received their stories from the same sources. The news reported was objective and fair with little political spin. People received the exact same message regardless of what their own ideology was; it is at that point that people form their opinions on issues. The emergence of cables 24-hour news cycle, political talk shows, and internet blogs, where information is handed out already with partisan spin has made it harder to get just the facts, and also makes it is easy for citizens to only receive their news through the specific ideological lens of their choosing. All of this is leading to more and more polarization in political society (Patterson, T. (2013). Another change that has occurred is an overall decline in consumers of media. Young adults are less likely than older ones to pay attention to any type of news and when they do, it is often from less than reputable sources like social media, a.k.a. Facebook. All of these factors combine to a current generation that is considerably less informed politically than prior generations. References Patterson, T. (2013).The American Democracy (11th ed.). New York, NY: McGraw-Hill, Inc Question 4: Do you feel that special interest groups have too much power in politics today? Why or why not? Do you think we should allow these interest groups to continue to function as they currently do? Why or why not? What do you think would happen to our nation if we did not allow interest groups to continue to operate? Your response should be at least 200 words in length. You are required to use at least your textbook as source material for your response. All sources used, including the textbook, must be referenced; paraphrased and quoted material must have accompanying citations. Selected Answer: Special interest groups are an important way for people to show support or discontent for governmental policies and are an effective way for the average citizen to influence politics. They help keep their members informed of the current political issues they identify with, make sure policies are carried out effectively, help organize member activities in a more focused manner, and some even offer its members legal representation in grievances against the government, However, in regards to our current political system, I feel that many have grown too powerful. For every case of a SIG promoting the common good, there are cases highlighting the corruption that has eroded the quality of our democratic process, generally through corruption. A good example of what interest groups can achieve is the NAACP brought and won the case of Brown vs The Board of Education of Topeka (NAACP, n.d.). While at the same time you have examples of SIGs buying influence such as when during the 1973 Watergate hearings it was revealed that the milk industry had donated money to President Nixons administration and to members of Congress in exchange for favorable decisions by the Department of Agriculture (Torres-Spelliscy, 2013). The issue comes down to political influence vs. political power. I, along with the vast majority of Americans (Gallup, 2011), feel that lobbyist groups have gone beyond just influencing politicians and politics, and have moved into the realm of over-whelming political power. References Gallup. (2011, April 11). Americans Decry Power of Lobbyists, Corporations, Banks, Feds. Retrieved March 20, 2017, from http://www.gallup.com/poll/147026/americans-decry-power-lobbyists-corporations-banks-feds.aspx milk industry had donated money to President Nixons administration NAACP Legal History. (n.d.). Retrieved March 20, 2017, from http://www.naacp.org/legal-department/naacp-legal-history/ Patterson, T. (2013).The American Democracy (11th ed.). New York, NY: McGraw-Hill, Inc Torres-Spelliscy, C. (2013, October 21). Got Corruption? Nixons Milk Money. | Brennan Center for Justice. Retrieved March 20, 2017, from https://www.brennancenter.org/blog/got-corruption-nixon%E2%80%99s-milk-money

Understanding Kissinger’s Actions Toward Chile Essay -- Foreign Policy

Understanding Kissinger’s Actions Toward Chile Can an individual influence foreign policy? Based upon the eight years that Henry Kissinger was the Secretary of State it is clear that an individual can (Starr 466). It has become apparent through recently released classified documents that Kissinger played a large role in allowing the brutal Pinochet dictatorship over Chile to take place and allowed massive human rights violations to continually occur during the Pinochet regime. What is continually being attempted to understand is why Kissinger acted as he did towards Chile. The goal of stopping the spread of communism to Latin America is obvious in Kissinger’s actions, but why allow Pinochet to continue to receive United States support while he breaks International Human Rights Laws (Kornbluh 5)? To understand Kissinger’s actions toward Chile it is necessary to analyze his background. Considering that he was born in Germany and fled to the United States to escape the Nazi’s, there most certainly was previous life experiences that contributed to his foreign policy beliefs (Crapol 260). As a politician, Kissinger gained an extraordinarily high level of popularity for a man of his position. Thus, his dealings with Chile may have been more of an effort to uphold his reputation than an eagerness to do what is best for Chile and the United States. Therefore, it can be considered that Kissinger’s strict realist view and constant attempt to create stability and order was derived from his past experiences as a Jewish Refugee and his actions as a Secretary of State may have been skewed by his desire to keep his popular status in the United States media and public (Starr 467 and 477; Crapol 260-265). Kissinger’s past experi... ...ton: Houghton Mifflin, 1957. Kornbluh, Peter. â€Å"Kissinger and Pinochet.† The Nation. 268. 12 (1999) p. 5. 1 March 2005. . Starr, Harvey. â€Å"The Kissinger Years: Studying Individuals and Foreign Policy.† International Studies Quarterly. Vol. 24, No. 4. (Dec., 1980), p. 465-496. 10 April 2005. . Walker, Stephen G. â€Å"The Interface between Beliefs and Behavior: Henry Kissinger's Operational Code and the Vietnam War.† The Journal of Conflict Resolution. Vol. 21, No. 1. (Mar., 1977), p. 129-168. 10 April 2005. .

Compare How Atonement and Spies Explore the Journey from Innocence to Experience Essay

Compare how Atonement and Spies explore the journey from innocence to experience. Both Atonement and Spies are bildungsroman where the protagonists are reminiscing about events in their childhoods which impose on them in their adult lives. In Atonement, Briony is narrating throughout the text; however the reader only finds this out at the end and in Spies Stephen is narrating with his older and younger self through duel narration with slippage between the two. Both text were published within a year of each other, Atonement in 2001 and Spies in 2002; however they both focus on the same time in history, during (and after) the Second World War. Spies focuses on one point in time around 1940; whereas Atonement ranges before, throughout and after the war with the view points from different characters throughout unlike Spies where the reader sees only from young or old Stephen. Both protagonists are naive and easily influenced in the beginning of the novels and their misinterpretations draw the narrative to a conclusive disaster. In Spies, Stephen misinterprets the Mrs Hayward’s diary’s x’s and exclamation marks for some form of German â€Å"code† and believes that she is a spy- â€Å"she actually is a German spy†- Similarly in Atonement, where Briony misinterprets what she witnessed in the library which leads her to the conclusion that Robbie raped Lola, which she sticks to with conviction â€Å"it was Robbie†. The misinterpretations made by the protagonists reflect the lack of knowledge about the adult world and emphasise their innocence in the beginning of the novels. In Atonement the peak of Briony’s innocence is at the beginning with the â€Å"Trials of Arabella† and sulking when she gives up the main part of â€Å"Arabella† by killing nettles which foreshadows the impending doom of her actions. I believe at this point Briony triggers a transition to adult knowledge with the letter and therefor conclusively decides the narrative with her intrusion of Robbie and Cecilia’s privacy; however in the film adaptation others have interpreted this differently. Peter Bradshaw believes that it is the â€Å"mysterious scene by the fountain that is to trigger Briony’s terrible misguided sense that she has a personal insight and a grievance; it appears to give her an access point into shocking adult phenomena†. However key the scene is in the narrative as a whole, I do not believe it to be a pivotal role in Briony’s contribution to the downfall that is witnessed later in the novel due to the confusion she feels when confronted with the situation. In Spies Stephen and Keith play childish games such as â€Å"monkey hunting†; however this is contradicted increasingly throughout the novel with the seriousness of their accusations made in regards to Keith’s mother. John Mullan believes that the â€Å"The boys show ominous signs of adulthood behaviour when supposedly children: the boys never seem to call each other by their first names except when taking some horrendous sounding oaths†. The protagonists both believe a fictitious story conjured from their own imaginations and thus relieves them of their innocence leaving them open to the repercussions of their actions. Briony convinces herself that she saw Robbie and swears that she did whilst we find out later in the novel that she was unsure. In the first interview with the police she states â€Å"I know it was him†, not clarifying that she â€Å"saw†, him leading the reader to believe that she does so because of her misunderstandings over the fountain and letter earlier in the novel. In spies Stephen and Keith are certain that Mrs Hayward is a spy after they witness her first â€Å"disappearance† which they both rationalise after they have seen it. This act of misunderstanding is less harmful than that of Briony’s action however; they are invading the privacy of someone else which does add to the compromising of their innocence. Both stories conjured by the protagonists are not clarified throughout the narrative; the author leaves hints for the reader about the events themselves, and this lack of knowledge is a hallmark of postmodernism and the unreliable narrator present within each text. The inevitability of the protagonist’s actions is that both are shown to be guilty in their adulthood. The reader learns that Briony becomes a nurse and gives up a chance to go to Oxford and the class privileges that result from it. The reader learns that â€Å"the purpose of becoming a nurse was to work for her independence† as well as learning what Robbie is going through in the army. We later learn that the narrative has been written by Briony and some parts have been fictionalised such as the meeting with Robbie and Cecilia so she can try and put right what she could not do in life. Like Atonement Stephen in Spies feel guilty about the death of Uncle Peter and revisits The Close in which he grew up to atone. This is where the narrative takes place, â€Å"you can’t go back everyone knows that† implying that â€Å"everyone† knows that it was his fault. This is an interesting comment made by Stephen because surely Stephen and the reader know that it is Keith’s father who is to blame ultimately for the discovery and death of Uncle Peter after Stephen and his confrontation over the picnic basket. Both protagonists, we learn have been putting the idea of properly confronting and trying to amend (as best they can) their actions off until the latest time possible. The reader learns that Briony falsities the ending and meeting of Cecilia and Robbie in the final chapters where she is close to forgetting all of her memories through dementia. Like Briony Stephen has waited till very late on in his life to re-visit the close. We learn that he has lived a full but somehow sorrowful life until he returns and faces the actions that he made when he was a child â€Å"I can sort out whether I belong here or there† Both novels explore the motif of love and sexuality in spies the reader is given details about one of two sexually attracted women in his life: Barbara Berrill, and his future wife. The reader only learns that his wife is German and no more information throughout the novel other than the fact that Stephen had a family with her and that she died. The reader is witness to the presumably only sexual act between Barbara Berrill and Stephen where they exchange two kisses â€Å"she leans closer still, and rests her lips against mine† it is presumed that this is Stephens first kiss with a girl due to his initial reactions â€Å"Nice?†¦ I was too busy thinking about the germs† a typical young boy’s reaction to the opposite sex. This scene can be said to be one of the most normal childlike behaviour in the entire text, through the experimental aspect that has been associated with growing up. The motif of sexuality and relationships is greatly explored in atonement compared with that of Spies. Early on in the narrative Robbie and Cecilia â€Å"make love† this act creates and spurs on a relationship throughout the rest of the narrative with longing for a similar experience; however like spies this act never occurs again whereas unlike spies neither Cecilia or Robbie indulge in any sexual contact after their initial â€Å"library scene† because of both their untimely deaths emphasising the importance of that moment in the readers eyes. This singular act of â€Å"love† somewhat adds to the innocence and sympathy felt towards both characters. Unlike the other two protagonists in Spies and Atonement (Stephen and Robbie) McEwan never mentions Briony to have any sexual contact throughout the novel unlike Robbie’s And Cecilia’s characters the absence of Briony’s sexuality evokes no sympathy. I believe that McEwan includes this as part of her atonement, because of the deprivation of sexuality that Briony causes. Both novels show clear points in the narrative where the protagonist’s develop their experiences in the world of adult life through their actions; however it can be said that the protagonists have never been allowed to fully pass into the full realms of adult knowledge because throughout their lives they cling to an event that happened in their child hood without being able to come to terms with it until the end of their lives.

Research Paper about Premarital Sex Essay

This chapter contains the significance of the study, the statement of the problem, the group hypothesis, the scope & limitation, the theoretical framework and definition of terms. The Problem and Its Background Introduction Pre-marital sex is a sexual intercourse engaged by persons who are not married. It is a mortal sin in Christianity for the reason it is against the Law of Moses: Thou shall not commit adultery. In some countries (particularly in Asian countries that practice Christianity), they banned pre-marital sex in order to prevent unwanted pregnancy, prostitution and abortion. The importance of this study is to let the people know the following problems and their answers/reasons behind pre-marital sex. Significance of the Study The research aims to know the causes and effects of pre-marital sex for teens and adults ages 13 to 25 within Paco Area. This study will systematically investigate the nature behind pre-marital sex and the reasons behind it. Read more:  Essay About Causes of Premarital Sex Statement of the Problem The study seeks to answer the following questions: †¢What are the factors that cause pre-marital sex? †¢What are the possible and actual results of pre-marital sex? †¢What influences adults and teens to engage in pre-marital sex? †¢Who influences adults and teens to engage in pre-marital sex? †¢Why do they continuously engage in pre-marital sex with many different partners? †¢What reasonable advice can you give to the people who engage in pre-marital sex? Hypothesis We think that media exposure such as pornography is one of the factors why adults and teens are engaging into these kinds of unhealthy habits. Another factor is alcoholism, the more alcohol involved the higher the  possibility to engage in pre-marital sex because alcohol has often been considered to be a powerful facilitator. Parent’s lack of guidance for their children and bad influence from friends are also one of the main reasons why they engage into pre-marital sex. The usual results in engaging to it includes AIDS, HIVS, unwanted pregnancy, prostitution and repeat of sexual intercourse with others or â€Å"sex addict†. Scope and Limitation This study limits only the ages 13-25 within Paco Area. Theoretical Framework In order for the researchers to fully understand this case study, they adopted the Social Learning Theory proposed by Albert Bandura. Social Learning Theory The Social Learning Theory proposed by Albert Bandura becomes perhaps the most influential theory of learning and development. While rooted in many of the basic concepts of traditional learning theory, Bandura believed that direct reinforcement could not account for all types of learning. (Cherry, 2010) Social Learning Theory explains about how environmental and cognitive factors interact to influence human learning and behavior. It focuses on the learning that occurs within a â€Å"social context†. It considers that people learn from one another, including such concepts as observational learning, imitation, and modeling. (Abbott, 2007) This theory added a social element, arguing that people can learn new information and behaviors by watching other people. Known as observational learning (or modeling), this type of learning can be used to explain a wide variety of behaviors. (Cherry, 2010) In exploring the greater depth of this theory there are four types of concepts. First, i s people can learn through observations, second is mental states are important to learning, lastly, learning does not necessarily lead to change in behavior. (Bandura, 2007) Behavior can also influence both the environment and the person, this is called reciprocal causation. Each of the three variables: environment, person, behavior influence each other. (Bandura, 2007) This model shows an individual learner is affected by observing the environment, directly or indirectly. According to Bandura, people can learn and imitate behaviors they have observed in other people. But Bandura noted that external, environmental reinforcement was not the only factor to influence learning and behavior. He described intrinsic reinforcement as a form of internal reward, such as pride, satisfaction and sense of accomplishment. This emphasis on internal thoughts and cognitions helps connect learning theories to cognitive developmental theories. Moreover, while behaviorists believed that learning led to a permanent change in behavior, observational learning demonstrates that people can learn new information without demonstrating new behaviors. (Cherry, 2010) Self-efficiency means learners self-confidence towards learning. People are more likely to engage in certain behaviors when they believe they are capable of implementing those behaviors successfully, this mean that they have high self-efficacy. (Bandura, 2007) Self-regulation is when the individual has his own ideas about what is appropriate or inappropriate behavior and chooses action accordingly. There are several aspects of self-regulation. (Bandura, 2007) Modeling means doing what others do. There are different types of models. †¢Live model: and actual person demonstrating the behavior. †¢Symbolic model: a person or character portrayed in a medium such as television, videotape, computer programs, or a book. †¢Imitation: An individual uses another person’s behavior as a discriminative stimulus for an imitative response. The observer is then reinforced in some way for display imitation. An individual uses another person’s behavior as a discriminative stimulus for an imitative response. The observer is then reinforced in some way for display imitation. (Bandura, 2007) When your behavior is acceptable it is considered as â€Å"vicarious reinforcement†. When your behavior is unacceptable it is considered as â€Å"vicarious punishment†. (Bandura, 2007) Definition of Terms In order for the researchers to fully understand their study, they have used different terms and definition to be easily understood by the readers. These terms are established while doing the research and some are shared meanings by the participants and from other sources of the study. Abstinence the fact or practice of restraining oneself from indulging in something, typically alcohol. Abortion is the termination of pregnancy by the removal or expulsion from the uterus of a fetus or embryo before viability. Adultery voluntary sexual relations between an individual who is married and someone who is not the individual’s spouse. Aids a disease in which there is a severe loss of the body’s cellular immunity, greatly lowering the resistance to infection and malignancy. Alcoholism an addiction to the consumption of alcoholic liquor or the mental illness and compulsive behavior resulting from alcohol dependency. Casual Sex/Premarital Sex is a sexual activity between two people who are not yet married. Chastity the practice of refraining from extramarital, or especially from all, sexual intercourse. Facilitator one that helps to bring about an outcome by providing indirect or unobtrusive assistance. HIV a condition in humans in which progressive failure of t he immune system allows life- threatening opportunistic infections and cancers to thrive. Intimacy an intimate act, especially sexual intercourse. Lust very strong sexual desire. Oral Sex sexual activity in which the genitals of one partner are stimulated by the mouth of the other. Pleasure give sexual enjoyment or satisfaction to. Pornography is the portrayal of sexual subject matter for the purpose of sexual arousal. Prostitution the practice or occupation of engaging in sexual activity with someone for payment. Reproduction the production of offspring by a sexual or asexual process. Sex is the act of having sexual intercourse. Sex Addict is best described as a progressive intimacy disorder characterized by compulsive sexual thoughts and acts. Sexual Intercourse is chiefly the insertion and thrusting of a male’s penis, into a female’s vagina for the purposes of sexual pleasure or reproduction. Taboo is a vehement prohibition of an action based on the belief that such behavior is too sacred for ordinary individuals to undertake, under threat of supernatural punishment.