Human Trafficking A Public Health Problem Within The...

Human Trafficking Human trafficking is a public health problem within the United States and Internationally. The victims subjected to the lifestyle of human trafficking can have sexually transmitted disease, HIV virus, and AIDS. It is an estimated 30,000 victims of human sex trafficking dying each year from abuse, disease, torture, and neglect. According, to U.S. government an estimates, of 800,000 people are trafficked across international borders annually, and up to 17,500 people are trafficked into the United States each year (Hodge, 2008). â€Å"According to United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF), over the past 30 years, over 30 million children have been sexually exploited through human trafficking† (Random Facts, 2015, para. 24). According to National Center for Missing Exploited Children who works with federal, state and local law enforcement: in 2015 there was more than 4.3 million reports of suspected child sexual exploitation calls receive through the Cyber Tipline. The National Center for Missing Exploited Center also analyzed more than 139 million images and videos depicting apparent child pornography through the Child Victim Identification Program. The Child Victim Identification Program is the world’s largest database of child pornography that is maintained by the Child Exploitation and Obscenity Section of the United States Department of Justice and the National Center for Missing Exploited Children. (National Center for Missing Expolited Children, 2015)Show MoreRelatedHuman Trafficking : A Global Phenomenon That Does Not Recognize National Borders1589 Words   |  7 Pagesdone to Combating Human Trafficking? Human trafficking is a global phenomenon that does not recognize national borders. Realizing the serious consequences of the human toll, the U.S government has spent $55 million in 50 countries on anti-trafficking programs designed to help indigenous non-government organizations and, international organizations law enforcements officials and foreign governments prevent human trafficking, and restore victims to society. If human trafficking is going to be stoppedRead MoreHuman Trafficking - A Modern Form of Slavery Essay1218 Words   |  5 PagesWhen the topic of slavery is up for discussion, many individuals think of American history. In fact, the United States abolished slavery in 1865, the 13th Amendment of the U.S. Constitution states, neither slavery nor involuntary servitude...shall exist within the United States, or any place subject to their jurisdiction (The United States Constitution). Although it is believed slavery is a thing of the past, its existence is evident in coun tless countries around the world. Thousands of foreignersRead MoreHuman Trafficking in the United States1603 Words   |  6 Pagesother countries to people in the United States. Imports and exports to and from the U.S include products as wide ranged as food, clothes, and even people. Human trafficking is a worldwide problem, including the United States. Currently, there are approximately 20.9 million people enslaved throughout the world with 2.5 million located in the United States. About 14,500 - 17,500 of foreign nationals are trafficked into the United States every year (Human trafficking statistics). These statistics showRead MoreHuman Trafficking And The United States1417 Words   |  6 PagesEach year about 17,500 individuals are brought into the United States and become victims of human trafficking. Every country has this problem and it has become the 3rd largest illegal industry worldwide. Human Trafficking is the trade of humans mainly for sexual slavery, but also forced labor and commercial sexual exploitation for the trafficker and sometimes others who take part in this act. Human trafficking is also used for organs or tissues, including surrogacy, ova removal, or making theseRead MoreHuman Trafficking in the Us1244 Words   |  5 PagesRough Draft: Human Trafficking and its Relationship throughout these United States A serious crime that virtually affects every country in the world is human trafficking. Human trafficking is a multi-national criminal business that’s roots are tied into â€Å"trans-criminal organizations, small criminal networks and local gangs, violations of labor and immigration codes, and government corruption† (Richard, 1999; U.S. Government Accountability Office, 2006.). Typically human trafficking has been definedRead MorePersuasive Essay On Human Trafficking1720 Words   |  7 PagesHuman trafficking is a serious problem in modern society. In fact, the United Nations has referred to it as â€Å"one of the gravest human rights violations of our times† (â€Å"Secretary - General Calls Human Trafficking†). It is a fast growing industry that affects millions. No gender, age, or status is spared from the cruelty that is trafficking. To stress this point again, human trafficking is not just a problem of the â€Å"world† or â€Å"United Statesà ¢â‚¬ , in general. As previously seen, it strikes very close toRead MoreHuman Trafficking And Its Effects On Human Rights856 Words   |  4 PagesHuman Trafficking is basically another form of slavery, which was abolished almost 150 years ago. The main types of human trafficking today Sex trafficking and forced labor. Sex trafficking involves traffickers threating, using violence and taking people in upon their own will and selling them for sex. Around 300,000 children are forced into sex trafficking each year. Forced labor is people who are being forced to work against their will. Many times these people are immigrants. Most of these jobsRead MoreHuman Trafficking: Slavery Today 1404 Words   |  6 PagesSocial service professionals work to address the problem of human trafficking in a number of ways. Social workers are unique in their approach to this issue because they can address it from a number of angles. For example, social workers concentrate on both the individual victi m as well as their social and economic situation which distinguishes it from other professions such as counseling (Palmer, 2010). Social workers meet the needs of human trafficking victims according to the principles outlined inRead MoreHuman Trafficking also Known as Modern Day Slave Trade1669 Words   |  7 Pages Human Trafficking, also referred to as modern-day slave trade, has been defined by the United Nations Palermo Protocol as, â€Å"the recruitment, transportation, transfer, harboring, or receipt of persons, by means of threat or use of force or other forms of coercion, of abduction, of fraud, of deception, of abuse of power or of position of vulnerability or of the giving and receiving of payments or benefits to achieve the consent of a person having control over another person, for the purpose of exploitationRead MoreDomestic Human Sex Trafficking in the United States1300 Words   |  6 PagesDomestic Human Sex Trafficking in the United States Human sex trafficking and its sister category, Domestic Minor Sex Trafficking also referred to as DMST, (Kotrla,K. 2010) is the most common form of modern day slavery. In the United States there are an estimated 293,000 youth who fall under high risk factor or DMST (Walker-Rodriguez, A. Hill, R. 2011). Many men prey on the at risk youth to make a fortune for themselves. DMST exposes the youth to a life filled with violence, abuse that is both

Trichotillomania - 1591 Words

Trichotillomania is defined as a self-induced and recurrent loss of hair.[3] It includes the criterion of an increasing sense of tension before pulling the hair and gratification or relief when pulling the hair.[1] However, some people with trichotillomania do not endorse the inclusion of rising tension and subsequent pleasure, gratification, or relief as part of the criteria;[1] because many individuals with trichotillomania may not realize they are pulling their hair, patients presenting for diagnosis may deny the criteria for tension prior to hair pulling or a sense of gratification after hair is pulled.[3] Trichotillomania may lie on the obsessive–compulsive spectrum, also encompassing obsessive–compulsive disorder, nail biting†¦show more content†¦This pulling often resumes upon leaving this environment.[8] Some individuals with trichotillomania may feel they are the only person with this problem due to low rates of reporting.[9] Other medical complications include infection, permanent loss of hair, repetitive stress injury, carpal tunnel syndrome, and gastrointestinal obstruction as a result of trichophagia.[1] In trichophagia, people with trichotillomania also ingest the hair that they pull; in extreme (and rare) cases this can lead to a hair ball (trichobezoar).[3] Rapunzel syndrome, an extreme form of trichobezoar in which the tail of the hair ball extends into the intestines, can be fatal if misdiagnosed.[3][10][11][12] Environment is a large factor which affects hair pulling.[4] Sedentary activities such as being in a relaxed environment are conducive to hair pulling.[4][13] A common example of a sedentary activity promoting hair pulling is lying in a bed while trying to rest or fall asleep.[4] An extreme example of automatic trichotillomania is found when some patients have been observed to pull their hair out while asleep.[4] This is called sleep-isolated trichotillomania.[14] [edit]Causes and pathophysiology Anxiety, depression and obsessive–compulsive disorder are more frequently encountered in people with trichotillomania.[1][15] Trichotillomania has a high overlap with post traumatic stress disorder, and some cases of trichotillomania may beShow MoreRelatedTrichotillomania Essay722 Words   |  3 PagesTrichotillomania is a psychological disorder, resulting in an individual having an overwhelming urge to pull their hair out. The individual may either intentional pull the hair out or it may be the result of unconscious behavior. Hair is pulled from the scalp, eyebrows, arms, legs, pubic area and/or any other area on the body where there is hair. The method for pulling hair out, is typically done with the fingers, however, some individuals will use items such as tweezers, for removing the hairRead MoreTrichotillomania Onset Pregnancy699 Words   |  3 PagesIntroduction: Trichotillomania is characterized by recurrent episodes of hair pulling behavior leading to noticeable loss of hair, increasing tension before hair-pulling or while coping with the urge to pull out hair, taking pleasure or a sense of relief while pulling out hair, and social, occupational, and functional impairment1. Trichotillomania can involve any area in the body; however, the most common areas are the scalp, followed by the eyebrows and eyelashes in children and in adults2. TheRead MoreThe Stigma Of Receiving Therapy For Mental Illness1592 Words   |  7 PagesOne of the most difficult aspects of treating patients who suffer from trichotillomania (TTM), commonly called hair pulling disorder, is that most prefer to remain invisible. They are creative at finding ways to hide their illness. Most cover up with head scarves, hats, hoodies, and carry on as if nothing is wrong.Treatment for TTM is accessible through the NHS, yet the stigma of receiving therapy for mental illness is still strong enough to keep many patients with TTM away from psychologists, evenRead MoreCommunication and Intersection between Human Mind and Skin914 Words   |  4 Pagesbridge the two entities into a cohesive model. One of the dermatologic manifestations of psychiatric disease is observed in trichotillomania. Tricoti llomania remains one of the lesser researched areas in psychiatry. Many theories and potential treatments exist, yet conclusive and well-constructed studies are still lacking. Much of the core understanding of trichotillomania stems from very few studies and anecdotal evidence. The mind and skin are connected in a multitude of ways. The most obviousRead MoreBusiness Management3832 Words   |  16 PagesJournal of Behavioral Consultation and Therapy Volume 2, No. 1, 2006 Trichotillomania: Behavioral Assessment and Treatment Interventions Brandy L. Kell Victoria E. Kress Abstract This article examines the behavioral treatment of Trichotillomania. A brief overview of the diagnosis and assessment of Trichotillomania is provided. Guidelines for a structured clinical evaluation when working with people diagnosed with Trichotillomania are supplied. The most effective behavioral interventions and treatmentsRead MoreThe, That Makes Your Hair Disappear1751 Words   |  8 Pagespresident of Trichotillomania Learning Center, recalls that, â€Å"The rhythm of running my fingers over my eyebrows is soothing. One half of my mind is attuned to the texture of each hair, the tickle against my thumb.† Very soon, she would feel that â€Å"... this hair feels out of place; it’s too thick, too coarse. I need to get it out.† This is the urge that has been haunting her since her childhood. As she entered her adulthood, she learned that she is not the only one with trichotillomania, the impulse-controlRead More Chronic Hair Pulling Essay2892 Words   |  12 Pageswithout pulling out her hair since she was 12 years old, she said. Rivers, a 19-year-old from Harrisville, Rhode Island who works in a local restaurant, has struggled with the impulse control disorder known as trichotillomania, the urge to pull out one’s own hair. Trichotillomania, often referred to as trich or TTM, was first documented by the French dermatologist, Francois Henri Hallopeau over 100 years ago and derives from the Greek words, â€Å"trich† (hair), â€Å"tillo† (to pull) and â€Å"mania† (impulse)Read MoreObsessive Compulsive Disorder (OCD) Essay examples1375 Words   |  6 PagesDisorder (BDD). BDD is where a person has obsessive thoughts about his or her body, looking for abnormalities. They then spend hours examining the â€Å"defective† body part and may never leave home because of their embarrassment. Another OCD disorder is Trichotillomania (TTM). A person with TTM compulsively pulls out hairs from their head, arms, legs, eyebrows, and pubic area. TTM sufferers spend hours searching until the à ¢â‚¬Å"perfect hair† is found. They often feel driven to pull out their hairs because they thinkRead MoreObsessive Compulsive Disorder (OCD) Essay2901 Words   |  12 Pagesactually a â€Å"spectrum† disease, OC Spectrum.  Ã‚  While OCD has some distinct biological components, it shares some of these components with some other illnesses.  Ã‚  OC Spectrum includes but is not limited to illnesses such as:  Ã‚  Tourette’s Syndrome,  Trichotillomania, Body  dysmorphic  disorder, Tic disorders, Compulsive skin picking, Eating disorders, and  Hypochondriasis  (OCF).  Ã‚  A key connection in all of the possible linked disorders is a person’s repetitive and obsessive thoughts or actions.  Ã‚  Another ideaRead MoreThe And Post Traumatic Stress Disorder1624 Words   |  7 Pagesdo not recall the name of my classmate or if he even survived that horrible attack.) As a result of witnessing this incident, I had developed a brief case of trichotillomania. People who have trichotillomania have an irresistible urge to pull out their hair, usually from their scalp, eyelashes, and eyebrows. Trichotillomania is a type of impulse control disorder. People with these disorders know that they can do damage by acting on the impulses, but they cannot stop themselves. They may

Gods and Goddesses in Homers Epic Poem The Iliad

The Iliad is an epic poem ascribed to the ancient Greek storyteller Homer, which tells the story of the Trojan War and the Greek siege of the city of Troy. The Iliad is believed to have been written in the 8th century BCE; it is a classic piece of literature which is still commonly read today. The Iliad includes a dramatic series of battle scenes as well as many scenes in which the gods intervene on behalf of various characters (or for their own reasons). In this list, youll find the major gods and personifications described in the poem, including some rivers and winds. Aidoneus Hades: god, king of the dead.Aphrodite: love goddess, Supports the Trojans.Apollo: god, sends a plague, son of Zeus and Leto. Supports the Trojans.Ares: god of war. Supports the Trojans.Artemis: goddess, daughter of Zeus and Hera, sister of Apollo. Supports the Trojans.Athena: goddess active in battle, daughter of Zeus. Supports the Greeks.Axius: river in Paeonia (in north-eastern Greece), also the river god.Charis: goddess, wife of Hephaestus.Dawn: goddess.Death: brother of Sleep.Demeter: goddess of grain and food.Dione: goddess, mother of Aphrodite.Dionysus: divine son of Zeus and Semele.Eileithyia: goddess of birth pains and labor pangs.Fear: goddess: accompanies Ares and Athena into battle.Flight: god.Folly: daughter of Zeus.Furies: goddesses of revenge within the family.Glauce: a Nereid (daughter of Nereus).Gygaea: a water nymph: mother of Mesthles and Ascanius (allies of the Trojans).Hades: brother of Zeus and Poseidon, god of the dead.Halià «: a Nereid (daughter of Nereus).Hebe: goddess who acts as cupbearer to the gods.Helios: god of the sun.Hephaestus: god, son of Zeus and Hera, artisan god, crippled in his legs.Hera: divine wife and sister of Zeus, daughter of Cronos. Supports the Greeks.Hermes: divine son of Zeus, called killer of Argus.Hyperion: god of the sun.Iris: goddess, the messenger of the gods.Leto: goddess, mother of Apollo and Artemis.Limnoreia: a Nereid (daughter of Nereus).Muses: goddesses, daughters of Zeus.Nemertes: a Nereid (daughter of Nereus).Nereus: sea god, father of the Nereids.Nesaea: a Nereid (daughter of Nereus).Night: goddess.North Wind.Oceanus (Ocean): god of the river surrounding the earth.Orithyia: a Nereid (daughter of Nereus).Paeà «on: god of healing.Poseidon: major Olympian god.Prayers: daughters of Zeus.Proto: a Nereid (daughter of Nereus).Rhea: goddess, wife of Cronos.Rumour: a messenger from Zeus.Seasons: goddesses who look after the gates of Olympus.Sleep: god, brother of death.Strife: goddess active in w ar.Terror: god, son of Ares.Tethys: goddess; wife of Oceanus.Themis: goddess.Thetis: divine sea nymph, mother of Achilles, daughter of the old man of the sea.Thoà «: a Nereid (daughter of Nereus).Titans: gods imprisoned by Zeus in Tartarus.Typhoeus: monster held captive underground by Zeus.Xanthus: god of the Scamander River.Zephyrus: the west wind.Zeus: King of the gods.

Strong or Weak Currency for South Africa - 2655 Words

Topic 1. A weak currency or a strong currency for the South African economy? What are the pros and cons of a weak or a strong currency in South Africa? Discuss. Table of Contents Page Number 1) Introduction†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦.3 2) Benefits of a weak Rend in South Africa†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦....3 3) Shortcomings of a weak rand in South Africa†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦...4 4) The Pros of a strong rand in South Africa†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..†¦5 5) Cons of a strong currency†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.7 6) Recommendation for South Africa economy†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦8 7) Conclusion†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦..9 8) References†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..10 1. Introduction A strong currency†¦show more content†¦SA cannot simultaneously lower the cost of its labor in a global context and raise the real disposable income of local workers. The reason companies benefit from a weaker exchange rate is that it improves their competitiveness. Unfortunately, if wages rise by as much as the currency has weakened the benefits of the weaker rand are quickly lost. Therefore, unless unions agree to contain wage increases to below the inflation rate, and take a real cut in wages when the rand depreciates, any plans to forcibly weaken the exchange rate are pointless. Madura (2009:172) indicates that the negative side of a weaker currency may include an upward inflationary pressure and increased prime lending rates by financial institutions. Thus, in the long run foreign companies will be driven out of the market as local goods seem to be cheap for local consumers; however, faced with little competition than before, local producers will increase prices culmina ting in an inflation stricken economy. Also a rand that is extremely weak would imply that most importers will seek domestic supply of goods. Domestic suppliers then have more power and are able to increase the selling price of goods. Moreover, less home grown business investments will flourish partly owing to deterring interest rates that shuns more investments. 4. The Pros of strong rand in S.A Currencies rise and fall based upon the performance of the local economy and the sentiment of investors. If aShow MoreRelatedWhat Are The Pros And Cons Of Anglo American Plc In South Africa1144 Words   |  5 PagesPortfolio 2 Submission Case: Anglo American PLC in South Africa (from Lesson 5) 1. Who are the various stakeholders that Anglo American needs to consider as it adopts an effective HIV/AIDs strategy? o Anglo American’s stakeholders are its employees, the employee’s families, their communities that they reside in. Political officials, health organization, its shareholders, hospitals, drug companies and anyone else that may be affected or can help this health epidemic. This is not a problem just forRead MoreWhat Is The Nominal Effective Exchange Rate1809 Words   |  8 Pages2005: Using the Nominal Effective Exchange Rate (NEER), unadjusted weighted average rate or currency index at which one country’s exchanges for multiple foreign currencies. NEER is an indicator of a country’s international aggressiveness in the forex market. The countries used for the calculations of NEER are Brazil, Canada, China, France, Germany, India, Japan, Mexico, Russia, Singapore, South Africa, South Korea, Taiwan and UK against U.S. Dollar. For 2005, relative value of NEER is 0.972903 whichRead MoreInternal and External Factors Affecting Uk as a Destination Essay1684 Words   |  7 PagesDepending on how strong the UK pound is determines how well the country’s economy is; if the pound is strong this means the country is doing well and vice versa. However this also has an effect on the number of people that visit the UK, a strong pound actually deters overseas visitors due to them receiving fewer pounds when exchanging their own money as one UK pound is worth more than one of their currency. 2010 Exchange rates http://www.xe.com/ 25/11/10 When the pound is weak this means theRead MoreAssignment1318 Words   |  6 PagesChapter Three The World Marketplace: Business without Borders Case Connection China in Africa: A Big Step Forward, or a Bigger Step Backward? Entering an untapped international market can strengthen a business tremendously—but what if the costs outweigh the benefits for the market itself? China has long been an important player on the global stage, but recent advances in manufacturing, natural resources, and energy production have catapulted the expansive country to the forefront of internationalRead MoreBussiness Qa Essay1476 Words   |  6 Pagesenjoys a comparative advantage in their industry? 3. Explain how to calculate the balance of trade. How does the growing United States trade deficit impact the economy? Why? 4. Explain the meaning of â€Å"strong† currency and â€Å"weak† currency. What are the advantages and disadvantages of each? 5. Why is outsourcing such an attractive way for firms to tap into foreign markets? What are the risks of foreign outsourcing? 6. Outline the potentialRead MoreCase: Anglo American Plc in South Africa (from Lesson 5) Essay1822 Words   |  8 PagesCase: Anglo American PLC in South Africa (from Lesson 5) 1 Who are the various stakeholders that Anglo American needs to consider as it adopts an effective HIV/AIDs strategy? - Anglo American employees and their families - Government bodies - Non- Profit organizations (NGOs)/ World Health Organization (WHO) - Competitors/ Other large mining concerns or companies operating in South Africa - Pharmaceutical companies - National Union of Mine Workers - Financial Institutions - ShareholdersRead MoreSwot Analysis : Texas Instruments Inc.1197 Words   |  5 PagesThis review provides an in-depth strategic SWOT analysis of the company’s businesses and operations in the areas of internal strengths and weaknesses and external opportunities and threats. (Sector Publishing Intelligence) Strengths †¢ Strong market position: One can see that Texas Instruments is generally considered a pioneer and forerunner in the technology and innovations of semiconductor products, such as: defense, metallurgical and digital products. Texas Instruments Inc. has a 29% revenue shareRead MoreCentral Banks: Fighting Their Own Battles1659 Words   |  7 Pages This could change, however, if inflation persistently undershoots expectations. It would be consistent with much more deep-rooted deflationary psychology than previously deemed, as well as continued lack of corporate pricing power stemming from a weak global economy. Under these circumstances, we could see the Fed shift to a more dovish stance, but only if wage inflation remained well anchored. For the time being, the bottom line on Fed policy is simple: the FOMC is quite prepared to reduce theRead MoreHuman Resource Management in Multinational Banks in Tanzania1069 Words   |  5 PagesUnited Republic Of Tanzania is a developing coun try, located in East Africa. Tanzania has high level of unemployment, poverty, and a weak national institutional system. After independence in 1961 till 2000, the country had little influence on the business activities of foreign investments and was passing through transformation from its socialist policies to a market economy. Towards the end of 1980’s, however, the views of â€Å"African socialism or Ujama† began to experience a series of extremely hardRead MoreHuman Resource Management in Multinational Banks in Tanzania1081 Words   |  5 PagesUnited Republic Of Tanzania is a developing country, located in East Africa. Tanzania has high level of unemployment, poverty, and a weak national institutional system. After independence in 1961 till 2000, the country had little influence on the business activities of foreign investments and was passing through transformation from its socialist policies to a market economy. Towards the end of 1980’s, however, the views of â€Å"African socialism or Ujama† began to experience a series of extremely hard

What Pros Are Not Saying About College Research Papers for Sale and What This Means For You

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Essay about Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart Example For Students

Essay about Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart baptized as Johannes Chrysostomus Wolfgangus Theophilus Mozart lived from January 27, 1756 to December 5, 1791. Mozart was a very influential and prolific composer of more than 600 works, including symphonies, concertante, chamber, piano, opera, and choral music. Regarded as a child prodigy, Mozart composed and performed in the European courts from the age of five, and was engaged at the Salzburg court at 17. Mozart’s musical style can be classified as Classical, although he learned from many of his contemporaries throughout his musical career. In order to better understand Mozart’s genius it is best to begin looking at his earliest contributions to the musical world as a child. From there, an exploration of his composition work in the employ of various patrons gives a more rounded picture of the development of Mozart’s musical style. Mozart is one of the most enduring composers, with his work continuing to resonate with modern audiences. Mozart was born to a deputy Kapellmeister to the court orchestra of the Archbishop of Salzburg. Leopold, Mozart’s father, was also a minor composer and teacher. Mozart’s musical abilities were first noticed when he showed great interest in the music lessons of his older sister. By the age of five, the Mozart family was touring European courts. The young Mozart showed great ability in the playing and composition of small pieces, many of which were transcribed by his father, and survive today. Eventually, Leopold gave up his own composing to concentrate on the talents of his young son. Leopold was also the early teacher of all of Mozart’s studies. After extensive touring from 1762 to 1773, Mozart was given employ at the Salzburg court at the age of 17. There, he had the opportunity to work in many genres, including symphonies, sonatas, string quartets, serenades, as well as a few operas. While at the Salzburg court, Mozart composed his only violin concertos, as wel l as his first piano concertos. However, Mozart grew discontent with his work at court when his desire to work on operas was not encouraged. Mozart began looking for alternative employment in 1777 with a journey to Paris with his mother. While on his tour of Paris, he had financial difficulty, and fell to pawning valuables. While he was gone, his father worked to secure a better position for Mozart in the Salzburg court, and after the death of his mother, Mozart returned to Salzburg. However, his discontent was little diminished, and he left for Vienna in 1781. There, he worked as a freelance composer and performer, and established himself as one of the best keyboard players in Vienna. This period of Mozart’s life saw his marriage to Constanze Weber, as well as moderately great success with his opera Die Entfà ¼hrung aus dem Serail (The Abduction from the Seraglio). Over the next few years, Mozart mounted a number of concerts featuring himself as a piano soloist which pushed him to great success and high accolades from his audience. Mozart also began to realize moderate financial success, which led him to adopt a more opulent lifestyle. Incidentally, this increase in lifestyle would lead to financial difficulties later. Around 1786, Mozart began collaborating with Lorenzo Da Ponte on two very successful operas, The Marriage of Figaro, and Don Giovanni. Soon after, Mozart secured a steady patronage post from Emperor Joseph II. However, Mozart’s financial situation began to worsen due to his lessening public performances and appearances. In fact, the families financial situation did not see any improvement until Mozart’s final year in 1791. This was a time of great productivity in which Mozart did a great deal of composing. Some of his works to come from this period include the highly regarded opera, The Magic Flute, a piano concerto, and a clarinet concerto. The Magic Flute was received with great success, and was performed many times righ t up until his death. Mozart died suddenly on December 5, 1791, at the age of 35. Mozart was in Prague supervising the performance of his new opera La clemenza di Tito, and began to fall ill. The exact details of his short illness and death are still unknown. Many of his contemporary biographers seem to be in consensus that he was taken by a form of fever. After his death, Mozart’s wife Constanze set about to secure her and her family’s financial security with the production of many of Mozart’s works as well as publishing many of his pieces. Mozart had great influence over many composers of his day, as well as affecting many who followed him. Besides being a force behind developing the classical style, Mozart’s musical abilities inspired many aspiring musicians. Indeed, Mozart’s work continues to thrill audiences and imitators alike. .ub5cb6f80f59b8c543619b2689a7bfe2c , .ub5cb6f80f59b8c543619b2689a7bfe2c .postImageUrl , .ub5cb6f80f59b8c543619b2689a7bfe2c .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ub5cb6f80f59b8c543619b2689a7bfe2c , .ub5cb6f80f59b8c543619b2689a7bfe2c:hover , .ub5cb6f80f59b8c543619b2689a7bfe2c:visited , .ub5cb6f80f59b8c543619b2689a7bfe2c:active { border:0!important; } .ub5cb6f80f59b8c543619b2689a7bfe2c .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ub5cb6f80f59b8c543619b2689a7bfe2c { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ub5cb6f80f59b8c543619b2689a7bfe2c:active , .ub5cb6f80f59b8c543619b2689a7bfe2c:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ub5cb6f80f59b8c543619b2689a7bfe2c .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ub5cb6f80f59b8c543619b2689a7bfe2c .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ub5cb6f80f59b8c543619b2689a7bfe2c .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ub5cb6f80f59b8c543619b2689a7bfe2c .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ub5cb6f80f59b8c543619b2689a7bfe2c:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ub5cb6f80f59b8c543619b2689a7bfe2c .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ub5cb6f80f59b8c543619b2689a7bfe2c .ub5cb6f80f59b8c543619b2689a7bfe2c-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ub5cb6f80f59b8c543619b2689a7bfe2c:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Aaa Sex Story Essay Works Cited The Mozart Project- Biography. The Mozart Project. mozartproject.org, 25, Apr 1998. Web. 22 Jun 2010.  . About Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart- Classical Archives. Classical Archives. classicalarchives.com, 2008. Web. 22 Jun 2010.  Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart. Studio-Mozart. studio-mozart.com, 2000. Web. 22 Jun 2010.  . Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart- Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Wikipedia.org. wikipedia.org, 20 Jun 2010. Web. 22 Jun 2010.  .

Contract Law Community Legislation and Actions

Question: Describe about the legal issues of Florence Treasures it has been found that the trader will face legal issue in future specially in case of intrastate trade which the trader is dealing with the suppliers of Russia? Answer: Introduction The present memorandum of advice (MOA) is framed to instruct Florence Treasures Ltd regarding import laws and International trade Regulations of UK. Florence Treasures Ltd imports jewellery products from countries like Latvia, Lithuania and Russia. As per the Import Law, under the International Trade Law, for products manufactured outside EU and commercially imported into UK should undergo Customs clearance procedures. Thus, the MOA will deal with the ascertainment of the necessity of Import regulations within the contracts with the suppliers (Crawford, 2012). Further, the MOA will also assess the necessity of the legal legislations with regard to purchase of furniture for the London residence from Spain. Florence Treasures Ltd has also entered into a house extension agreement with a Poland based company for extension of the UK residence. Thus, the MOA here targets the necessity of the legislations concerning the Import law, trade law and the house property law in case of any dispute arising within the contract. Summary of advice Florence Treasures Ltd generally imports jewellery goods from three major countries namely Latvia, Lithuania and Russia. In case of any import disputes, resulting between Florence Treasures and the suppliers of these countries relevant legislative norms should be included in the import contract to help Florence Treasures seek legal advice. In this regard, Florence Treasures will be required to frame a legal contract with the suppliers in Russia because as per the International Trade Laws, for trade with any countries outside European Union, the imported products are required to undergo customs clearance process. Thus, if the clearance certificate is not included along with the products imported from Russia, Florence will be legally breaching the International law of Trade (Delfino, 2012). Further, in case of internal trading between the EU countries like Latvia and Lithuania with Florence Treasures, the norms of internal goods dispatch will be applicable. In case of the internal dispatch, the VAT rates will only be applicable. Similarly, in case of the purchase of furniture and house renovation agreement between Florence and Poland Company, the agreement should contain the VAT registration number of the company and provide details on Interstate returns. In this regard, it may be advised that the suppliers of Latvia and Lithuania along with the companies of Spain and Poland are liable to show their return under the Interstate returns. In case if the export arrivals of Florence Treasures exceeds 1.5 million then Florence Treasures will also face legal obligation for not showing the interstate returns and the VAT rate applicability. In assessment of the effect of Import laws and VAT laws within the contract with the suppliers it may be recommended that the import laws may offer restrictions on quantity, impose duties and increase the price of the goods making the jewellery products costlier for Florence Treasures. However, the imposition of the contracts and agreements along with the import laws will not hamper the trading relations between Florence and its suppliers (Hogan, 2011). Cause of action/offences In case of Florence Treasures, interstate trade is taking place between the EU countries namely UK, Latvia and Lithuania. Intrastate trade is taking place between Russia and UK. In case of trade between the interstate countries, Florence is liable to pay VAT on the total purchase (Huberman, 2012). However, since Florence treasures have no legal import contract with the suppliers thus it is uncertain whether the company is a VAT registered company or not. As per the Value added Tax Act, the VAT registration is voluntary and will give the business the opportunity to cover the input tax credit. However, in thus case since Florence Treasures are not registered under the VAT hence the company will not be able to recover the input tax credit. Further, even if the company is registered under the VAT legislations, then as per section 72 (1) of the Value Added Tax act, the evasion of the VAT will be considered as a criminal offense on the part of the company. The owner of Florence Treasures w ill also be convicted to 6 months of imprisonment and monetary fine as a part of the penalty(Calley, 2012). In case of the Russian supplier, Florence Treasures are required to make payment on custom duties and import duties. As per the Customs Civil Evasion Penalty (CCEPs), the EU companies trading with any other company of other countries require to make customs and import duty payments. In this case since Florence Treasures have no legal contract with the Russian suppliers hence the y may face issues relating to non-payment of import duties and custom duties with respect to the import of the jewellery product from Russia. As per the Finance Act 2003, in future circumstances, this may pose as a problem for Florence Treasures and they may be penalised (Chen-Wishart, 2012). In third case, Florence has given a house construction project to a Poland based company for the extension of a UK based house. In case of the extension project the absence of a valid contract between the builder and the owner may put the owner under several future threats. For instance, in this case, the Poland builder may delay the completion time of the construction, the construction may not be in accordance to the provided details or the builder may cheat on the owner. Thus, Florence Treasures is required to maintain a Joint Contracts Tribunal (JCT) with the proposed builder, which will set the legal guidelines and will protect Florence, from any future mishaps from the builder. Defences According to Butler, (2012) in a civil or criminal law, it is a common act for the defendant to raise a defence and find a loop hole within the law in order to avoid criminal or civil liability. The defendants generally avoid the criminal or the civil liability and make allegations against the prosecutor or the plaintiff to prove their innocence. In certain circumstances, it is acceptable on the part of the law that the defences are true. Thus to prove the innocence, the defendant must show burden of proof. Two major customs penalties operate under the civil law namely the Customs civil penalties and the Customs Civil Evasion Penalties. Florence Treasures have not entered into any contract thus; the trader will be legally liable for the penalties under the civil law and non-payment of customs duty. As per the Finance Act 1996, if the trader imports restricted goods like the jewelleries without the any legal documentation, the importation of the prohibited goods will be dealt as a cri minal offence and no defence in this regard will be available. Moreover, the HMRC will charge interest if the customs duty are not paid within the due date. Section 197 of Finance Act 1996, states that the HMRC officers may issue penalties to the traders like ceasing of the goods of the traders for the regulatory contraventions (James, 2010) However, in this regard, there is a defence for the trader, if the trader has paid the customs and the excise duty, then the trader is entitled to reclaim the seized goods. Thus, if Florence Treasures is able to make payment of the customs and the excise after entering into a valid contract with the suppliers of Russia, Latvia and Lithuania, then the trader may reclaim the goods (Jeongpyo Lee, 2012). Remedies Two major issues have been highlighted for Florence Treasures. Firstly, the non-payment of the customs and the excise duty for the interstate and intrastate trade with the different suppliers, and, secondly, the issue of non-existence of any contract between house builder and Florence. As per the legal legislations of International Trade law and JCT, Florence Treasures are entitled to certain remedies, which they can adopt before the issues arise (Kerr and Gaisford, 2007). In the first case, since Florence Treasures is a jeweller, hence the trader is supposed to know about the International trade laws that affect the traders, suppliers and the customers. In case of Trading with the customers, the jewellers in UK are required to abide by the Hallmark Act 1973, which provides details on law covering the hallmarking and describing of articles specially the jewellery items. The approval of the Hallmarks provide the customers with the assurance that the material sold by the jewellers are free from any defects and have correct values and weights (Koch, 2010). Import restrictions are generally either product-specific or trade specific. Some of the products are subject to product specific standards and needs to be supported by applicable certificates and documents. Thus, if Florence Treasures adopts the import duties and the tariffs then the trader will be able to trade legally with the interstate and the intrastate suppliers (Boeckman, Greenwald and Von Bisma rck, 2013). In the second case, entering into a JCT contract will give Florence the benefit of making legal claim if the builder is in breach of the contract. However, as per the JCT contract, the homeowner should first check whether the builder is in breach of the contract or not. Secondly, the homeowner should check which of the contract terms have been breached. For instance, if the delay in the construction or the extension has occurred due to the weather conditions of due to any other natural occurrences, then the blame should not be given on the builder and the contract is not seen to be breached (Koch, 2010). However, if the JCT contract does not show the specific issues relating to the breach then the homeowner can implement the following steps namely: The homeowner can pay the builder the value of the correctly executed work and decline from making payment of any non-specified work (Lakhan and Heiss, 2010) The homeowner can also give the builder the opportunity to make this correct and right If the builder is not able to meet the requirements of the homeowner within a reasonable period, then the homeowner can opt for employment of a replacement builder to change the defects ad may appoint the first builder to pay the costs of the replacement builder Moreover, with the help of a JCT contract, the homeowner and the build both will have a proceeding guideline regarding the legal legislations concerning the building extensions and construction methods. In case of Florence, since the trader is employing a builder residing at Poland for extending the house property in London, hence it is highly recommended for Florence to frame a legal JCT contract. Bix, (2012) stated that under a JCT contract the customer pays the builder 95% of the price of the construction work either in instalments during the tenure of the construction work or at the end when the construction process is completed. Thus, this contract gives the owner the opportunity of making the payment after being satisfied with the completed job. If the job is not completed then the owner may not make any payment or in case of instalments, the owner can stop the instalment at the position when the owner finds that the construction is not satisfactory in nature (Lessambo, 2013). Advice on specific issues of law The MOA focuses on advising the client on the legislations of the import laws, construction laws and the trade laws so that the client may not face any legal dispute with respect to the absence of any particular legal contracts (Zimmermann, 2012). As per the International Trade laws, if the trader or the consumer is able to bring any goods from outside the country for own personal use then the trader will not be required to pay any customs or import tax on the goods. The unlimited amount of goods can be imported from any EU countries if the goods are imported for personal use. Hence, in this case, Florence Treasures can effectively import goods from Spain, Latvia and Lithuania if the goods are brought in for personal use (MacLeod, 2010). However, in the given case Florence Treasures have imported the following goods for the following purpose namely: Necklaces and rings from the Latvia, Russia and Lithuania suppliers for shop selling purpose Display cabinet for keeping the jewellery in the shop from Spain Chairs and Furniture from Spain for office use Thus, in this case Florence Treasures have brought in all the items for trading purpose, which shows that the major focus of Florence Treasures was to gain profit out of the business operations (Michaels, 2012). Thus, Florence Treasures cannot claim the non-payment of the customs and the import duties. Again, in case of importing goods from outside EU, the major focus should be on bringing the goods at least possible cost. In certain cases the duty free import is possible if the goods are brought from outside EU, that is form the countries, which are not a part of the EU. The following are the circumstances under which the goods can be made duty free: The trader should transport the goods, which are brought in from the countries, which are outside EU If the goods are used by the trader for own continence or if the goods are used as gift to begiven to some other individual (Moloney, 2010) As per the International Trade Law, the customs for the goods, which are brought externally from different parts of other countries apart from the EU members, is around 2.5%. Thus if the customs duty is not paid for the trading goods then the trader may be required to undergo the civil as well as the criminal penalty charges (Zimmermann, 2012). In the given case, it is thus advisable for Florence Treasures to at least incorporate a trade contract with the suppliers in Russia because the import of the jewellery form Russia include importing of goods from countries outside EU. Thus, if no legal contract is prevalent then the profit earned by Florence Treasures by selling of the jewellery items will be penalised and the trader will have to serve civil and criminal penalties (Stone, 2013). Thus, in order to avoid the civil and the criminal penalties, it is advisable that the trader should make the payment of 2.5% customs on the jewellery goods brought in from Russia. In this regard, it m ay be stated that apart from the customs, the traders are also required to make a payment of the import VAT. Ayres and Ayres, (2012) stated that an import VAT will be paid by the trader on the total value of the goods plus the customs duty which has been allocated for the goods. The standard VAT rate for all types of goods and services including the jewellery items are 20% in UK. Previously the VAT rate was 17.5% however, with the large increase in the import levels the VAT rate increased to 20%. Thus, in this case, for the jewellery pieces that Florence will import from Russia, the trader will need to pay both customs @ 2.5% and VAT on the overall value of the product plus the total customs @ 20%. This will thus create a big burden on the trader if all customs and the VAT is paid together at the same time (Suharnoko, 2012). Procedural and evidential issues The procedural evidence shows that the traders are required to pay penalties in various cases when the trader does not pay the custom duties and the excise duties. The non-payment of the VAT @ 20% makes the trader loose the ownership over the goods. However, under other circumstances if the goods are seized by the trading department then the trader should pay off the outstanding duties and the VAT amount so that the goods can be retrieved from the trading department (Trebilcock, Howse and Eliason, 2012). Evidences of construction faults are also seen in case of the various construction issues. In 90% of the construction cases, the early payment system to the construction builders creates problem for the owner of the house. Some of the major problems, which the owners face, are the delay in the construction process due to the natural disasters and lack of sufficient labours. Thus, in this case of Florence Treasures have the JCT contract then the trader will be able to resolve the issu es and make monthly instalment payments as and when the construction is completed. Conclusion The overall analysis of the legal issues of Florence Treasures it has been found that the trader will face legal issue in future specially in case of intrastate trade which the trader is dealing with the suppliers of Russia. In case of the construction process, which the trader will undertake specially from the builders in Poland, the trader can further face the issue of not getting satisfactory results. The major aim of the memorandum of Advice is to provide the client with the necessary advice on the different aspects of legal legislations that the client may face in future. Thus, in this case since the client is facing uncertainty and thus the client has focused on legal advice. Thus, in this regard the major advice that can be given to the client is that the client should enter into a valid contract with the suppliers in Russia, Latvia and Lithuania. The major focus of the client should be on the calculations of the primary customs and the excise duties that are required to be pa id in case of interstate and intrastate trading relations. In the second issue, the MOA will highlight the issue that the trader may face in future concerning the construction issues with the builder in Poland. If the builder is not able to complete the work within the scheduled period or the builder is not able to produce a satisfactory work process then the trader will have no option of any further amendments since there are no valid contracts. Thus, the trader should enter into a JCT contract with the builder in Poland so that the construction process is completed successfully. Thus, the overall MOA shows the issues, the defences that are possible if the issues arise and the possible legislations that should be undertaken by the trader so that legal issues can be resolved. References Ayres, I. and Ayres, I. (2012).Studies in contract law. New York: Foundation Press. Bix, B. (2012).Contract law. Cambridge [UK]: Cambridge University Press. Boeckman, P., Greenwald, D. and Von Bismarck, N. (2013).Twelfth annual institute on securities regulation in Europe. New York, NY: Practising Law Institute. Butler, D. (2012).Contract law. Chatswood, N.S.W.: LexisNexis Butterworths. Calley, D. (2012).Market denial and international fisheries regulation. Leiden, NL: Martinus Nihoff. Chen-Wishart, M. (2012).Contract law. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Crawford, T. (2012).The Author's Guide to a Contract with Book Designer. New York: Constable Robinson. Delfino, R. (2012). European Community legislation and Actions.European Review of Contract Law, 8(4). Hogan, N. (2011).Understanding the securities laws, Summer 2011. New York, NY: Practising Law Institute. Huberman, M. (2012).Odd couple. New Haven: Yale University Press. James, S. (2010). European contract law: coming out.Law Fin Markets Rev, 4(5), pp.485-489. James, S. (2010). European contract law: coming out.Law Fin Markets Rev, 4(5), pp.485-489. Jeongpyo Lee, (2012). A Comparative Analysis of Korean Insurance Contract Law Amendment and Chinese Insurance Contract Law.KOREA INTERNATIONAL COMMERCIAL REVIEW, 27(2), pp.47-67. Kerr, W. and Gaisford, J. (2007).Handbook on international trade policy. Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar. Koch, R. (2010). German Reform of Insurance Contract Law.Eur J Commerc Contr Law, 2(3), pp.163-171. Koch, R. (2010). German Reform of Insurance Contract Law.Eur J Commerc Contr Law, 2(3), pp.163-171. Lakhan, M. and Heiss, H. (2010). An Optional Instrument for European Insurance Contract Law.Utrecht Journal of International and European Law, 26(71), p.1. Lessambo, F. (2013).The international banking system. Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire: Palgrave Macmillan. MacLeod, J. (2010). Before Bell: The Roots of Error in the Scots Law of Contract.Edinburgh Law Review, 14(3), pp.385-417. Michaels, R. (2012). Code vs Code.European Review of Contract Law, 8(3). Moloney, N. (2010).How to protect investors. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Stone, R. (2013).The modern law of contract. Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon: Routledge. Suharnoko, (2012). Contract Law in a Comparative Perspective.ILREV, 2(2), p.117. Trebilcock, M., Howse, R. and Eliason, A. (2012).The Regulation of International Trade. Hoboken: Taylor and Francis. Zimmermann, R. (2012). Codification.European Review of Contract Law, 8(4).